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INFO RUEHLO/AMEMBASSY LONDON 1832
RUEHFR/AMEMBASSY PARIS 2404
RUEHGI/AMEMBASSY BANGUI 1617
RUEHYD/AMEMBASSY YAOUNDE 0013
RUEHUJA/AMEMBASSY ABUJA 0003
RUEHOU/AMEMBASSY OUAGADOUGOU 0471
RUEHKH/AMEMBASSY KHARTOUM 0006
RHEFHLC/DEPT OF HOMELAND SECURITY WASHINGTON DC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHINGTON DC
RUEAWJB/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON DC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 08 NDJAMENA 000105 
 
SIPDIS 
SENSITIVE 
 
STATE FOR AF/C, G/TIP, G-Pena, INL, DRL, PRM 
STATE PASS USAID 
LONDON FOR POL - LORD 
PARIS FOR POL - KANEDA 
 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: KTIP ELAB KCRM KWMN PGOV PHUM PREF SMIG KMCA CD
SUBJECT: CHAD:  TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2010 REPORT 
 
REFTEL: STATE 2094 
 
¶1.  (U) This is Post's submission for the 2010 Trafficking in 
Persons report.  Answers are keyed to questions in reftel. 
 
--------------------------- 
THE COUNTRY'S TIP SITUATION 
--------------------------- 
 
¶2.  (SBU) Paragraph 25: 
 
¶A. Government entities, international organizations, and 
international and indigenous non-governmental organizations are all 
credible sources on human trafficking in Chad. 
 
¶B. Chad is a minor source, destination, and transit country for 
trafficking, mainly in children.  The significant change since last 
year's TIP report is the government's positive actions to eliminate 
child soldiers from its military ranks and to reintegrate into civil 
society children captured from rebel military ranks (see para 7 
below). 
 
Chad's trafficking problem is primarily the internal trafficking of 
children as herders, child soldiers, child apprentices and laborers, 
domestic servants, beggars, and prostitutes.  Herders follow 
traditional routes for the grazing of cattle and often cross 
international borders into Cameroon, Central African Republic, and 
Nigeria.  Underage girls travel voluntarily or are brought to bigger 
towns seeking work but often end up in abusive domestic servitude 
positions. 
 
In the southwestern region of Mayo-Kebbi, children are kidnapped and 
trafficked across the border for purposes of ransom.  Bandits target 
children from the Peul tribe as their families are seen as wealthier 
and therefore able to pay for their children's return.  Some 
children have returned safely while others have been killed by 
bandits or in law enforcement operations to free them. 
 
There was one high-profile case in October 2009 in which a female 
was arrested in Chad for trafficking a pregnant Burkinabe woman. 
The ultimate destination was Italy, where the baby was to be sold, 
according to local reports.  The Burkinabe woman returned home and 
the trafficker escaped from an N'Djamena detention center. 
 
¶C. Child herders and laborers live the same lifestyle, nomadic or 
sedentary, as adults to which they sold or apprenticed.  Conditions 
for domestic servants are poor, with girls being forced to live in 
overcrowded spaces, although servants' circumstances not dissimilar 
to conditions under which their masters and most Chadians live. 
 
¶D. Children are the most vulnerable to trafficking of any group in 
Chad.  Chad is an extremely poor country, and selling or bartering 
children into a domestic work situation is seen as a survival tactic 
by families seeking to reduce the numbers of mouths to feed.  In the 
past, boys in refugee camps have been in danger of recruitment by 
armed opposition groups for use as child soldiers, although recent 
attempts by Chad and Sudan to pursue a lasting peace and to retract 
support for each other's armed opposition groups may reduce this 
threat over time. 
 
There have been no permanent changes in the direction of 
trafficking, and there are no reports of adults being trafficked for 
labor or sexual exploitation. 
 
¶E.  For the most part, Chadian law enforcement officials have not 
identified any one group as a sponsor of trafficking in persons. 
The majority of trafficking involves parental consent in situations 
where children are given to intermediaries or relatives in exchange 
for education, apprenticeships, cattle, or sum of money.  While 
child prostitution is apparent in N'Djamena, there is no evidence of 
third-party involvement.  However, there are intermediaries involved 
in arranging child herding contracts.  Herders benefit from 
inexpensive labor.  Poor families benefit by receiving livestock in 
exchange for the labor of their children.  Intermediaries find 
children for herders and receive small sums of money in exchange. 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  002 OF 008 
 
 
 
----------------------------- 
GOVERNMENT'S ANTI-TIP EFFORTS 
----------------------------- 
 
¶2.  (SBU) Paragraph 26: 
 
¶A. The government acknowledges that trafficking of children is a 
problem and has designated specific governmental points-of-contact 
for trafficking issues at the ministerial and regional (Department) 
levels. 
 
¶B. The Ministries of Justice, Public Security, Social Action and 
Family, Labor, and Human Rights are involved in anti-trafficking 
efforts.  The Ministry of Justice has been most active in 
coordinating with other ministries and organizations.  During the 
past year, the GOC increased to twenty-two the number of technical 
regional committees charged with addressing the worst forms of child 
labor.  These committees are composed of representatives from the 
ministries of Justice, Social Affairs and Family, Education, Public 
Works, Human Rights and a representative from the Judicial Police, 
who investigates and implements court decisions.  The government 
continues to support efforts to remove children from situations of 
forced labor, herding and abuse. 
 
¶C. The central government in N'Djamena is politically and publicly 
willing to address trafficking issues.  On the practical side, its 
limitations are great and chronic:  political instability, extreme 
poverty, weak educational and judiciary sectors, lack of capacity 
and resources, and lack of state control at the local level.  The 
country does not have a consistently functioning judicial system; 
this impairs the state's ability to effectively prosecute many 
offenses, not just those related to trafficking.  The GOC does not 
have adequate funds to provide assistance to victims.  The country 
is at a stage of development where it needs international assistance 
even to pave roads connecting major cities.  Corruption is endemic 
and, as with the weak judicial system, not related specifically to 
trafficking or indicative of governmental laxity on the issue. 
 
¶D. The GOC is hampered in its efforts to manage data by lack of 
qualified officials to collect and compile statistics.  Lack of 
paved roads, electricity, and computers in most parts of the country 
make it difficult for the government to coordinate anti-trafficking 
efforts and collect information.  Case documentation is kept in 
paper files, and the ability to replicate and distribute is also 
constrained by sporadic electricity outages.  The capital, 
N'Djamena, often lacks electricity.  Only the privileged have 
generators. 
 
¶E. The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for issuing birth 
certificates and national identity documentation. 
 
¶F. As in previous years, the government's ability to collect 
information and prosecute cases in a timely manner is limited by the 
fact that there are only 150 judges in Chad and they must hand-write 
all court documents.  Government investigative techniques are 
unsophisticated, consisting mostly of interrogations.  The 
government lacks the resources, equipment, and training to employ 
more sophisticated techniques.  Government security operatives are 
permitted to use covert operations in investigations.  Labor 
inspectors and other enforcement officials report that they are not 
provided with means, such as funds for transportation, needed to 
identify and investigate trafficking cases. 
 
-------------------------------------------- 
INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKERS 
------------------------------------ 
 
¶3.  (SBU) Paragraph 27: 
 
¶A. Chad does not have a law specifically prohibiting movement of 
persons for purposes of exploitation, although Chadian officials 
argue that existing laws banning kidnapping, slavery, indentured 
servitude, bonded labor, child labor, prostitution and other types 
of labor exploitation have the effect of outlawing trafficking. 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  003 OF 008 
 
 
Chadian law makes no distinction between trafficking for sexual 
exploitation and trafficking for labor, although sexual exploitation 
and many types of labor exploitation are outlawed. In July 2009, 
Chadian President Deby ratified both the United Nations Conventions 
against Transnational Organized Crime and the Additional Protocol to 
Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially 
against Women and Children. 
 
Prior to this reporting period, the Ministry of Labor completed a 
comprehensive draft Executive Decree aimed at harmonizing Chad's 
Labor Code with ILO Articles 182 and 138.  To strengthen the text of 
the draft Decree, the Ministry of Labor hired an international legal 
expert to review existing Chadian law with respect to those 
international conventions on child labor signed by the GOC, and to 
revise the draft Executive Decree to specify the GOC's 
responsibilities under the conventions.  The ministry is awaiting 
the final report of the international legal expert and the revised 
Decree.  Once received, the document will be resubmitted for 
Presidential signature.  The decree is self-implementing, that is, 
it automatically adds to the list of infractions in Labor Code 
article 190, contains penalties, and gives judges authority to 
address such violations. 
 
Separately, the Ministry of Justice, with the support of UNICEF, has 
drafted revisions to Chad's Penal Code to explicitly protect 
children.  The draft revisions are pending before Supreme Court 
judges for constitutional review.  When approved, the revisions will 
make up a new and separate Child Protection Code containing 
provisions and penalties to address trafficking in persons, and will 
strengthen the government's ability to perform investigations, 
arrests, and prosecutions of perpetrators of trafficking.  The draft 
Child Protection Code also includes measures to protect and ensure 
the safety of victims. 
 
In a publication dated November 2009 and entitled "Recueil de Textes 
sur les Droits de l'Enfant," Chad's current laws relating to the 
rights of children were collected together with the various 
international conventions relating to children that Chad has 
adopted.  These conventions include the UN Convention on the Rights 
of the Child, the Convention banning worst forms of child labor, the 
African Charter on the rights and well-being of children, UN 
regulations on protection of minors in detention, the Hague 
Convention on international child adoptions, ILO Article 182, and 
other international texts, plus Chadian national laws that make them 
operative. 
 
Trafficking cases are generally prosecuted under the existing Penal 
Code using charges of kidnapping, sale of children, and violations 
of labor statutes.  To punish child trafficking, prosecutors also 
use an article in Chad's Labor Code that prohibits the employment of 
children under 14 years of age. 
 
¶B. Prostitution and related activities are illegal. The law 
prohibits prostitution, pimping, and owning brothels.  The Child 
Protection Code provides for prison terms of between two months and 
two years and a fine of between 99 and 985 USD (50,000 to 500,000 
FCFA).  (Note: The maximum fine is the equivalent of two years' 
income for the average Chadian.  End Note.)  The penalty for 
prostitution of a minor by a relative or guardian is punishable by 
five to ten years in prison and a fine of USD 200 to 2,000 (100,000 
to 1,000,000 FCFA). 
 
¶C. Some forms of labor trafficking are among the types of labor 
forbidden in Chad's Labor Code.  For employing children under 14, 
the Labor Code prescribes fines of 147,000 to 294,000 FCFA (245 to 
490 USD).  Repeat offenders may be fined up to 882,000 FCFA (1470 
USD) and jailed from six days to three months. 
 
¶D. The prescribed penalties under Chadian law for rape and forcible 
sexual assault include hard labor for life if the victim is less 
than 13 years old. 
 
¶E. There are no publicly available law enforcement statistics, 
although there are individual examples of arrest and prosecution. 
The government has told us that it will not discuss cases that are 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  004 OF 008 
 
 
still pending, although there is little anecdotal evidence to 
suggest the government is prosecuting traffickers.  Informally, 
arresting officials have released herders or intermediaries after 
the detained paid a fine.  Regarding child soldiers, the government 
has not yet taken a decision to prosecute military officials, 
although it warned the military chain of command in 2009 that it 
would use the weight of the law if it found further instances of use 
of child soldiers. 
 
¶F. The government made no funding available this year to provide 
specialized training to law enforcement officials.  During the year, 
Chad's National School of Administration and Magistracy graduated 
its first-ever class of labor inspectors, with twenty-eight students 
participating in the program. 
 
¶G. Chad has signed cooperation agreements with Cameroon, Nigeria, 
Central African Republic, and Sudan concerning trafficking and other 
cross-border issues.  Unless requested to do so by those seeking 
information about victims, Chadian officials generally do not take 
the initiative to investigate reports of missing children alleged to 
have been taken to neighboring countries. 
 
¶H. Chad has extradition reciprocity with ten other West and Central 
African countries.  Chad will consider extradition requests put 
forward by other countries. 
 
¶I. There continue to be reports that some local authorities who own 
cattle herds use intermediaries to recruit child herders.  Frequent 
shuffling of government officials inhibits the Ministry of Justice's 
ability to investigate complaints.  Senior Chadian military 
officials have likely been complicit in the use of child soldiers, 
although the government's 2009 campaign put military officers on 
notice that the practice would not be tolerated. 
 
¶J. The GOC launched an intensive campaign in late 2009 among 
military and law enforcement entities to create awareness of the 
disadvantages of using child soldiers in military ranks, to 
underscore the illegality of using child soldiers and to announce 
the government's intolerance of the practice. 
 
¶K. Chad has a few gendarmes deployed with the UN.  One was killed in 
the Haiti earthquake while on deployment.  There have been no 
allegations of trafficking or exploitation against any of Chad's 
nationals on UN assignments. 
 
¶L. Sex tourism is not an issue in Chad.  Further, the government 
signed the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking 
in Persons, Specifically Women and Children, in July 2009. 
 
------------------------------------ 
PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS 
------------------------------ 
 
¶4.  (SBU) Paragraph 28: 
 
¶A. Chad's social and developmental challenges are so extreme that 
the government is unable to provide protection for victims or 
witnesses of crimes. 
 
¶B. In general, the government lacks shelters and functioning health 
care facilities for victims of crimes.  The GOC, in conjunction with 
UNICEF and other international NGOs, provides rehabilitation 
facilities for former child soldiers.  The Ministry of Social Action 
runs a transit center for demobilized children when they are first 
released.  Then UNICEF, through its INGOs partners, places the 
children in rehabilitation centers for psychological counseling and 
job skill training.  For other victims of trafficking, there are few 
services.  GOC officials and members of local human rights 
organizations have often resorted to personally providing shelter 
and care.  The GOC simply does not have the resources to create, 
staff, or manage this type of assistance. 
 
¶C. Through its joint agreement with UNICEF, the government provides 
some in-kind contributions and social services for victims.  The 
government has difficulty providing legal, medical, or psychological 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  005 OF 008 
 
 
services to victims of all crimes, not only victims of trafficking. 
 
¶D. Chad's trafficking problem is primarily internal.  If victims are 
found and repatriated from foreign countries, the Government of Chad 
is in theory responsible for making necessary arrangements for 
medical assistance or shelter. 
 
¶E. Lack of financial resources limited the ability of the government 
to provide longer-term shelter or housing to victims, or to offer 
other resources to aid victims in rebuilding their lives, although 
INGOs provided job skill training to demobilized child soldiers. 
 
¶F. Currently, the judiciary police or other local authorities are to 
notify the Ministry of Justice's Child Protection Department, 
UNICEF, and local NGOs when there is a case of child trafficking or 
child abuse.  In most cases, the local police or gendarmerie are 
first points of contact. 
 
¶G. There are no government statistics available. 
 
¶H. The GOC has local-level committees to identify and refer TIP 
victims to appropriate officials.  The committees include members 
from the judiciary, police, labor inspectors, educators, and social 
services providers. 
 
¶I. The government does not arrest or detain victims.  According to 
the Ministry of Justice, child victims are not prosecuted for 
violations of other statutes, such as those outlawing prostitution. 
 
 
¶J. Government committees at the local level encourage victims to 
file charges and to assist in investigation and prosecution of 
traffickers.  Victims can file civil suits to seek damages from 
traffickers but this is rarely done because victims cannot generally 
afford lawyers.  In cases involving child herders, local officials 
and/or NGO advocates have sometimes negotiated settlements with 
employers for damages or fulfillment of contract terms on behalf of 
victims' families.  There is no official victim restitution program. 
 
 
¶K. The government has provided some training for its officials in 
the past, but did not plan or allocate any resources for this 
purpose in 2009.  Lack of funding for such training was a source of 
tension between officials at the Ministry of Labor, who felt it was 
necessary, and those approving final government budgets. 
 
¶L. Chad's trafficking problem is primarily internal.  There were no 
reports of Chadian victims of trafficking in other countries, except 
for cases of child soldiers who were associated with Chadian armed 
opposition groups.  When members of the armed opposition voluntarily 
returned to Chad, the GOC assumes responsibility for underage 
solders and releases them to the care of UNICEF, according to a 
GOC-UNICEF agreement.  The majority of former child soldiers 
demobilized in 2009 were from armed opposition groups.  These 
children benefitted from rehabilitation services established by 
UNICEF and its implementing partners. 
 
¶M. The government, local communities and international and 
non-governmental organizations cooperate in combating trafficking. 
The Government's primary international partner is UNICEF. 
International organizations such CARE International, World Vision, 
Catholic Relief Services and Oxfam participated in campaigns 
launched both by government agencies or local non-governmental 
organizations to combat trafficking of children.  Non-governmental 
organizations and human rights groups are active in helping to 
identify cases, raise public awareness, and in some cases informally 
assist victims. The only consistently-available information on 
services to victims relates to services provided to returned child 
soldier. 
 
Local human rights organizations raise awareness and provide 
assistance as they are able.  Key groups include:  the Chadian 
League of Human Rights (LTDH), Human Rights without Borders (DHSF), 
Association for Justice and Peace (AJP), Catholic Relief Services 
(CRS), Fight Against Trafficking of Children (LCTE), African 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  006 OF 008 
 
 
Evangelical Youth (JEA), Union of Young Christians(UJC), Diocesan 
Commissions on Justice and Peace (CDJP), Youth Association Against 
Divisions (AJAC), Association for Assistance to Street Children of 
Moyen Chari (AAERMC), Chadian Association for Family Welfare 
(ASTBEF), Association for the Supervision and Recovery of Children 
in Distress (ARED), Baptist Churches and Youth of Chad (JEBT), 
Christian Assemblies Youth of Chad (JEACT), Union of Women's Groups 
(UGF), Islamic Committee (IC), Liaison and Information Unit of 
Women's Organizations (CELIAF), Association of Women Jurists in Chad 
(AFJT), Association for Community Initiatives in Africa (APICA), 
Research and Liaison Department for Catholic Action for Development 
(BELACD), Local Catholic Radio (Radio Lotiko), Women's Freedom Radio 
(Femme Liberte), Village Associations (AV), the Notre Temps news 
service, Chadian Association for Mediation of Conflicts Between 
Farmers and Herders (AMECET), Association for the Promotion of 
Documentary Information (APIDO), Association for Traditional Chiefs 
in Chad (ACTT), and Youth Scout Movement (KEMKOUGUI). 
 
---------- 
PREVENTION 
---------- 
 
¶5.  (SBU) Paragraph 29: 
 
¶A. The Government acknowledges that trafficking of children and 
violence against women are problems.  During this reporting period, 
UNICEF and UNFPA, partnering with other international agencies, 
sponsored nation-wide campaigns against trafficking and forced labor 
of children and violence against women and girls.  Activities 
included large, high visibility kick-offs, distribution of printed 
materials, and placement of posters and billboards around the 
country.  GOC and international organization officials have told us 
they are happy with the initial impacts of the campaigns and are 
committed to ensuring their continued outreach and effectiveness. 
Indigenous NGOs also conducted sensitization campaigns in specific 
regions on child herdin,g and helped create an association of 
parents and victims of child herding to continue outreach and 
awareness. 
 
¶B. The government lacks capacity and resources and therefore depends 
to a significant degree on UNICEF, religious institutions, and 
non-governmental organizations to raise public and official 
awareness. 
 
¶C. There is a National Committee to Fight against Trafficking, 
comprised of several government agencies.  In addition, there are 
regional technical committees to act against instances of child 
labor.  Chadian bureaucracy is generally small enough that 
inter-agency communication is straightforward and collaborative. 
The Director for Children's Issues at the Ministry of Social Action 
is responsible for overall monitoring of situation. 
 
¶D.  The National Committee to Fight Trafficking drafted a "Guide for 
the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking."   The Directorate 
for Children within the Ministry of Justice, with support from 
UNICEF, developed an "Integrated Action Plan to Fight the worst form 
of labor, exploitation, and trafficking (2008-2010)."  Neither 
document has formally been adopted by the government, although GOC 
officials consistently work toward the goals of the action plan and 
update it on an annual basis.  UNICEF hopes the Action Plan will be 
adopted formally in 2010 and describes tangible, if slow, GOC 
progress toward the goals. 
 
¶E. Chad's trafficking problem primarily relates to child labor. 
There is little governmental focus on commercial sex, although 
prostitution is illegal, as is pimping and running brothels.  The 
GOC campaign to raise awareness of violence against women and girls 
addresses issues including rape, early marriage, wife-beating, FGM, 
job discrimination against women, exploitation of girls, and other 
types of abuse. 
 
¶F. There is no substantial evidence that Chad is involved in 
international sex tourism or that its nationals engage in this 
illicit activity. 
 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  007 OF 008 
 
 
------------ 
PARTNERSHIPS 
------------ 
 
¶6.  (SBU) Paragraph 30: 
 
¶A. The GOC works and coordinates closely with UNICEF, its major 
partner in addressing trafficking in Chad, as the trafficking 
problem mainly concerns children.  The GOC and UNICEF have worked 
together for more than five years on issues related to child 
exploitation and children's rights in Chad, and since 2007, have 
collaborated closely on the specific issue of child soldiers.  Local 
human rights organizations also work with government officials to 
raise awareness of conditions at the local level, especially in 
remote villages where the government's presence is minimal. 
 
¶B. Local-level government officials may work informally with 
counterparts in neighboring countries when trafficking issues cross 
borders. 
 
--------------------------------- 
NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR 
THE CHILD SOLDIERS PREVENTION ACT 
--------------------------------- 
 
¶7.  (SBU) Paragraph 33: 
 
During the reporting period, Chad was actively engaged in fighting 
anti-government armed opposition groups that crossed into Chadian 
territory from neighboring countries and attacked Chadian people and 
interests.  Each side used children, both as combatants and in 
non-armed positions.  According to traditional initiation rights, 
children come of age around 14 or 15 in Chad.  At that age, those 
without schooling options often seek to begin work as they see their 
peers do in trading, farming, or other sectors.  Some underage boys 
choose a military life.  Many are placed in non-combatant positions. 
 In other cases, family members bring boys into military ranks 
alongside older males so as to protect them from recruitment as 
individuals and to shield them from having to engage in combat.  The 
government fully recognizes that these practices are not in line 
with international norms, and such activities are indeed illegal 
according to Chadian law.  Senior Chadian military officers will be 
the first to say, however, that they themselves began their careers 
as "child soldiers," according to the modern international 
definition. 
 
The government has accepted that it must take a leading role in 
ending the practice, and signed a 2007 agreement with UNICEF to hand 
over any child soldier, whether from a military organizations or 
opposition groups.  While the government only modestly honored the 
agreement in previous years, GOC officials became much more active 
during the reporting period.  2009 witnessed a marked increase in 
returns of opposition fighters, and the GOC was fairly prompt in 
releasing underage opposition fighters to UNICEF for rehabilitation. 
 Toward the end of 2009, the GOC undertook a country-wide campaign 
to visit Chadian military institutions and bases to raise awareness 
of the issue and make clear the definition of child soldiers. 
During these visits, GOC officials, accompanied by diplomatic and 
international organization representatives, educated military 
officials about the GOC's intolerance for underage soldiers, 
actively looked for minors and immediately turned over to UNICEF's 
responsibility those few suspected of being under 18.  The 
government intends to continue this campaign along with developing 
an action plan for keeping minors out of the military ranks in the 
coming period. 
 
Separately, Sudanese rebel groups are alleged to have conscripted 
underage Sudanese boys from refugee camps in Eastern Chad for 
fighting in Darfur.  The GOC supported efforts by the international 
community, led by the UN, to increase protection for this population 
and stop military recruitment in refugee camps. 
 
------------ 
EMBASSY POCS 
------------ 
 
NDJAMENA 00000105  008 OF 008 
 
 
 
¶8.  (U) Post's trafficking in persons Point of Contact is Pol/Econ 
Officer Andrea Tomaszewicz, reachable via +235 251 70 09 or 
tomaszewiczaj@state.gov. 
 
 
BREMNER