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UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 08 ADDIS ABABA 000293 
 
SIPDIS 
 
DOL/ILAB FOR LEYLA STROTKAMP, RACHEL RIGBY, TINA MCCARTER 
DRL/ILCSR FOR SARAH MORGAN, TU DANG 
G/TIP FOR LUIS CDEBACA, RACHEL YOUSEY 
AF/RSA FOR SAMANTHA LASRY 
AF/E FOR JOEL WIEGERT 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: ELAB EIND ETRD KTIP PHUM SOCI ET
SUBJECT:  Ethiopia:  Information on Child Labor and Forced Labor 
 
REF: 09 STATE 131995 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  001.7 OF 008 
 
 
Per reftel request, Post has compiled the following information on 
child labor and forced labor in Ethiopia.  Information provided is 
keyed to reftel subject areas.  Where not specifically noted, source 
information is provided at the end of this cable.  For further 
information, please contact Political-Economic Officer Skye Justice 
at JusticeSS@state.gov or IVG 750-4111. 
 
OVERVIEW OF THE LABOR SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA 
 
-- Child labor in the production of goods is a poorly documented but 
serious Qy|C@1tton), weaving, and small scale gold mining. 
Information on child and forced labor is disorganized, and both the 
Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and non-governmental (NGO) sources had 
difficulty producing hard data in the form of raw numbers or 
statistics.  Both NGO and GoE sources concluded that goods produced 
(in the agricultural sector and weaving industry in particular) via 
child or forced labor are largely intended for domestic consumption, 
and not slated for export.  The major exception to this is coffee 
production, where child labor is commonly used by family farms that 
grow and harvest coffee (child labor does not appear to be used in 
the further processing or packaging of coffee for export). 
Non-scientific sample surveys conducted principally by academics and 
NGOs highlight that laborers in agricultural and weaving workplaces 
-- particularly women and children -- often face physical, sexual 
and emotional abuse, near-starvation, and debt bondage at the hands 
of their employers. 
 
-- A 2005 labor force survey conducted by the GoE's Central 
Statistical Agency (CSA) - the most recent survey conducted by that 
agency - indicated that 80.2% of the country's employment activity 
is agrarian-based, followed by crafts, 7%, wholesale and retail 
trade 5%, and manufacturing, 5%.  Nearly 57% of those employed are 
adults aged 20 and above, while the remaining 43% are children and 
young adults between the ages of 10 and 19.  Approximately 58.1% of 
boys and 41.6% of girls ages 5 to 14 are working.  The majority of 
working children were found in the agricultural sector (95.2%), 
largely on small-holder family farms, followed by services (3.4%) 
and manufacturing (1.3%).  The survey substantiated that 40% of 
children start working before the age of 6, with children ages 5 to 
17 averaging 32.8 hours of work for 5 to 7 day work weeks. 
Approximately 13% of boys and girls surveyed between the ages of 5 
and 9 worked from 58 to 74 hours a week.  Most children working in 
commercial settings do not have designated lunch or bathroom breaks. 
 They often eat at their work stations and are fed (with meals 
provided by their employers) a once daily thin corn meal porridge 
laced with very small vegetable portions.  More generous employers 
may provide workers with one or two pieces of hard bread or injera 
(the national dish, a pancake-like bread made out of teff flour) per 
day as a snack. 
 
-- A 2001 ILO-funded study concluded that compared to non-working 
children, child workers faced twice as much physical and emotional 
abuse, five times as much sexual abuse and eight times as much 
neglect as did non-working children. 
 
-- The number of children working in agriculture and small scale 
mining is particularly high in the Amhara, Oromiya, 
Beninshangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples 
(SNNP) and Tigray regions.  Children in rural areas engage in 
activities such as coffee, tea, cotton, and sugarcane production and 
picking.  Children in urban areas work in the manufacturing of 
clothes, shoes, textiles, and weaving by-products (typically 
clothing).  Per the ILO study, 90% of working children in 
manufacturing sectors do not have access to protective gear. 
 
-- Ethiopia is a significant source country for men, women, and 
children trafficked internationally, as well as internally, for the 
purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation.  Rural Ethiopian 
women and children are trafficked internally to Addis Ababa and 
other urban centers for domestic servitude and, to a lesser extent, 
for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor, such as in 
street vending, traditional weaving, and manufacturing. 
 
-- Ethiopian law provides for a 48 hour work week (with a 24 hour 
rest period), premium pay for overtime, and prohibition of excessive 
or compulsory overtime.  The government, industry, and unions 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  002.7 OF 008 
 
 
negotiate to set occupational health and safety standards.  However, 
the inspection unit of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs 
(MoLSA) does not have sufficient capacity or resources to routinely 
enforce these standards, particularly in rural areas.  A lack of 
detailed, sector-specific health and safety guidelines also inhibits 
enforcement.  In theory, workers have the right to remove themselves 
from dangerous situations without jeopardizing their employment.  In 
practice, most workers would fear losing their jobs by doing so. 
 
-- Ethiopia's Labor Proclamation 377/2003, articles 89/2 and 89/3, 
prohibits children below the age of 14 from working, an age 
consistent with primary school educational requirements.  Special 
provisions cover children between the ages of 15 and 18, including 
the prohibition of hazardous or night work.  Article 176 of 
Ethiopia's Criminal Code identifies minors as age 15 or younger, 
identifying age 18 as the age of legal majority.  By law, children 
between the ages of 14 and 18 years are not permitted to work more 
than 7 hours per day, work between the hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., 
work on public holidays or rest days, or perform overtime work.  The 
GoE defines hazardous work as work in factories or involving 
machinery with moving parts, or any work that could jeopardize a 
child's health.  Children in the 15-18 year old age bracket are 
legally allowed to work so long as it is not hazardous to their 
health or developmental progress.  Children are legally prohibited 
from working in the following goods-production related sectors: 
work carried out on dockside and in warehouses involving heavy 
weight lifting; pulling or pushing of heavy items; work connected 
with electric power generation plants, transformers or transmission 
lines; underground work such as in mines and quarries; grinding, 
cutting and welding of metals; work involving electrical machines to 
cut, split or shape wood, etc.; felling timber; and work that 
involves mixing of chemicals and elements which are known to be 
harmful and hazardous to health.  Article 36 of Ethiopia's 
constitution states that children have the right to be protected 
against exploitive practices and work conditions and should not 
engage in employment that could threaten their health, education, or 
well-being. 
 
-- The Ethiopian Penal Code outlaws work specified as hazardous by 
ILO conventions.  Under the Ethiopian constitution, the hazardous 
occupations listed by ILO Conventions are automatically applied 
within Ethiopia. 
Ethiopia has ratified all eight core ILO conventions.  Ethiopia 
ratified ILO's Convention No. 105 on the Abolition of Forced Labor 
in 1999 and ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst forms of Child Labor 
in 2003.  Per NGO reports, prior to Ethiopia's ratification of the 
ILO and UN labor conventions, openly observable instances of forced 
labor in the production of goods was possible.  Articles 596, 597 
and 599 of the Ethiopian penal code should be of note to fair labor 
advocates: 
 
-- Article 596 (enslavement) criminalizes any attempt to enslave, 
sell, alienate, buy, trade or exploit another person. 
 
-- Article 597 (trafficking in women and children) criminalizes the 
recruitment, transportation, harboring, import, or export of women 
or minors for the purpose of forced labor. 
-- Article 599 (participation of illegal associations and juridical 
Persons) criminalizes any group or organization's participation in 
slave trade. 
 
RECENT GOE INITIATIVES 
 
-- National Action Plan on Child Labor 
In 2009, MoLSA revamped its child labor task force and related 
initiatives to coordinate inter-ministerial efforts to combat child 
labor.  For example, over the past year, MoLSA drafted a National 
Action Plan on Child Labor laying out both national policy and 
responsibilities among MoLSA, the ministries of Education, Health, 
and Women's and Children's Affairs.  The plan covers a five-year 
period from 2010-2015, and will be accompanied by a "Protocol and 
Guideline," drafted in coordination with the ILO Ethiopia Office, 
that directs implementation of new child labor identification, 
withdrawal, reintegration, and education policies by all concerned 
government agencies.  MoLSA, ILO, and a consortium of NGOs carried 
out a pilot test of these procedures, identifying 800 children 
involved in the worst forms of child labor, and successfully removed 
300 of these children.  MoLSA anticipates that both the plan and the 
protocol will be formally issued in the near future, and that a new 
public awareness campaign will accompany their release. 
 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  003.6 OF 008 
 
 
-- Child Labor Surveys 
MoLSA and Save the Children - Finland completed a pilot survey on 
child labor and exploitation in seven towns in January 2010. 
Results will be released in the near future, and MoLSA is preparing 
a more comprehensive survey based on the same methodology.  The 
Central Statistical Agency, which conducted its last detailed survey 
on child labor in 2001 and last survey addressing child labor in 
2005, conducted a comprehensive survey of child labor in late 2009. 
Results are expected by April 2010. 
 
-- Emphasis on School Attendance 
ILO reports that since 2008, the GoE's efforts to increase primary 
school attendance and improve child health have had a positive 
impact on decreasing the incidence of child labor in Ethiopia.  ILO 
is eagerly awaiting the results of the CSA survey to confirm or deny 
this impression. 
 
INFORMATION ORGANIZED BY GOODS: THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, WEAVING 
INDUSTRY, SMALL SCALE MINING, AND CHILD SOLDIERS 
 
-- Agricultural sector 
Children commonly work on coffee, tea, cotton, and sugarcane farms. 
Children working on farms work long hours for little pay, are often 
exposed to environmental toxins that can be detrimental to their 
health, and are at a higher risk of malaria, yellow fever and 
snakebites.  Child labor is most common in small scale, family-owned 
farms, and is particularly prevalent during harvest seasons.  Child 
labor is less common in factories processing agricultural products, 
where labor laws and regulations are more closely monitored and 
enforced.  Child labor is less common on flower and specialty 
vegetable farms, which have expanded rapidly and produce cash crops 
for export, where MoLSA conducts labor inspections with greater 
regularity. 
 
-- Child Labor in Ethiopia's Weaving Industry 
In Ethiopia, traditional weaving is performed primarily by several 
ethnic groups originating in the Gamo Gofa highlands, a zone 
approximately 400 kilometers south of the capital of Addis Ababa. 
For more than 100 years, these groups have migrated to the capital 
to meet its demand for woven goods.  This home-based industry is 
male-dominated and constitutes a significant share of Ethiopia's 
vast informal sector.  Although the number of children working in 
Ethiopia's weaving industry is unknown, available information 
indicates that children constitute a significant portion of the 
industry's workforce.  On average, three children, some of whom are 
the children of adult weavers, work together. 
 
Fifty-nine percent of adult weavers employed children other than 
their own.  Weavers returning to rural zones act as traders and 
recruit children to work in Addis Ababa.  Gamo children are 
persuaded to move to Addis Ababa with promises that they will learn 
income-generating skills, get an education and better their lives. 
Parents are reportedly lured into the arrangement through the 
promise of receiving money at holiday times and having one less 
mouth to feed. 
 
The factors that force children into the weaving industry are 
complex and include poverty, absence of education, population 
growth, and urbanization.  Just over 64% of children in a recent 
study reported that they joined the workforce to assist their 
parents who lived either in 
Gamo or Addis Ababa, nearly 25% stated that they expected to gain a 
skill, and the remainder said that they did so for survival 
purposes.  Adult weavers reportedly utilize child labor because they 
are too poor to hire adult employees. 
 
-- Type of Work Performed and Working Conditions 
Like adults, children employed in the weaving industry operate a pit 
loom, a traditional technology made of wood. Half of those 
interviewed reported that they easily operated the equipment. 
Younger children ages 5 to 8 are usually involved in spinning 
cotton.  Child weavers live and work in cramped conditions. The 
majority of child weavers work alongside two other children using 
two pit looms in one room that doubled as a living and working 
place.  Child weavers work extremely long hours.  Ninety-five 
percent of the children work more than eight hours a day, with 40% 
working 13-15 hours per day and 29% working 16-18 hours per day. 
Roughly 69% of the children work six days per week. All told, child 
weavers toiled an average of 78 hours per week.  The majority of 
children (57%) start working between the ages of 9 and 12.  59% of 
respondents in a recent study reported working for two to three 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  004.7 OF 008 
 
 
years, and 27% had been working four or more years.  Ninety-nine 
percent of child weavers stated that they had one day off per week. 
Seventy-one percent reported taking breaks during the workday. 
 
-- Compensation and benefits 
Eighty-three percent of child study participants reported being 
paid.  However, gender differences were apparent as only 60% of 
girls as compared to 84% of male respondents reported receiving 
wages.  The children's wages averaged the equivalent of 1.23 USD per 
week in 2002, with younger children earning less than their older 
counterparts.  In the cases of migrant children whose parents who 
were promised compensation, the parents reportedly received about 
3.75 USD per year.  The employment of children working for 
non-parental adults is usually based on a verbal agreement. 
Children are reportedly not allowed to 
leave their workplace without their employer's consent, rendering 
the employment a form of bonded labor.  Only 24% of children who 
migrated to Addis Ababa reported visiting their parents, and this 
occurred mostly annually.  The chief benefit children gain from 
working in the weaving industry is the acquisition of a valuable 
skill from which they can derive income.  They may also obtain other 
intangible benefits such as self-reliance, increased responsibility 
and positive self-esteem. 
 
-- Impact on Child Development 
Based on ILO standards and the provisions of Ethiopia's constitution 
and laws, the work performed by child weavers constitutes child 
labor that is exploitative and hazardous in nature. 
 
Education is the arena in which the negative effects of child labor 
are felt most acutely.  Sixty-two percent of the child weavers do 
not attend school.  According to one study, 40% of the children are 
illiterate and 30% are school drop-outs.  The situation is 
particularly dire for children who migrated to Addis Ababa as they 
constitute 98% of illiterate children and 73% of school drop-outs. 
Among school-going children, nearly 26% report attending a 
government school half-day while nearly 12% report attending school 
in the evenings.  The children's academic performance was described 
as "average."  Children's 
living arrangements affected their school participation; children 
who lived with their parents were more likely to attend school 
either half day or in the evenings than those living with relatives 
or employers. 
 
Another major factor affecting school attendance was the number of 
hours worked per day.  Children who worked longer hours were more 
likely to have never enrolled in school, dropped out or be 
illiterate.  A major reason adult weavers stated for not sending 
child workers to school was because their labor was needed to 
support the home-based enterprise. 
 
-- Vulnerability of child laborers 
Vulnerable children are lured to work in the weaving industry by 
promises of access to education or gainful employment.  Once removed 
from one's family children are often given minimal food rations, 
such as two small loaves of bread, one in the morning and one in the 
evening. Children are forced to sleep on the same floor where they 
work and to wear the same clothes day and night.  Children seldom 
have access to schooling and are often barred from leaving their 
work compounds.  If they escape, such children are often forced to 
live on the streets. 
 
-- Small scale Gold Mining 
Small scale mining involves digging multiple holes across an 
undefined expanse of village land for the purpose of gold 
exploration.  Both adult family members and children are active in 
these activities, commonly found in the Hararghe and Benishangul 
regions.  Often entire families, including children, work in the 
same mine.  On average, these children work six-day work weeks and 
14 hour days, are responsible for digging their own holes, and are 
tasked (largely by their families) to carry 40 or more liters of 
water daily to facilitate their searches. 
 
-- Child soldiers. 
The minimum age for conscription and voluntary recruitment into the 
military is 18 years.  Although individuals below the age of 18 are 
not permitted to enlist in the Ethiopian armed forces, this practice 
is difficult to enforce since an estimated 95% of Ethiopians have no 
birth certificates. Children as young as 14 years of age are 
reportedly 
allowed to join local militias (local government organized community 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  005.6 OF 008 
 
 
policing entities).  While recruitment of children into the armed 
forces was reported to have occurred during the war with Eritrea in 
1999, no currently available data suggests that this continues to 
occur. 
 
TYPES OF EXPLOITATION FOUND IN THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS 
 
-- As cited in the agricultural sector and weaving industry, labor 
exploitation in the production of goods is demonstrable in the 
following ways:  employer threats of physical harm (including rape) 
as a means of control, debt bondage, few or no meal breaks and/or 
meals with little nutritional value, work hours beyond the legal 
limits, repetitive work, employer threats to end workplace-provided 
housing and meals (common on industrial farms, and in traditional 
weaving).  Employer intimidation, long hours, little income, and 
physical distance thwart many children from attending school and 
seeking needed health care. 
 
-- Specific to the weaving industry (where more data exists) as many 
as two to five children, often trafficked from rural Ethiopia, may 
work in cramped looming rooms that double as living spaces.  They 
receive little to no monetary compensation.  Younger children ages 5 
to 8 are usually involved in spinning cotton, and child weavers work 
an average of 78 hours per week.  In the agricultural sector, 
children are sometimes trafficked (in-country), often with a friend 
or family member serving as a broker, to industrial farms.  The 
children's contact with their families is often triangulated or cut 
off entirely by their employers.  The lack of children laborers' 
capacity to reconnect with family contacts and resources, often 
leads to their perception and experience of being trapped or 
imprisoned in their workplaces. 
 
NARRATIVE 
 
-- While an industrial court system is supposed to exist in each of 
the nine regions, specialized courts are functional only in three, 
leaving most forced labor victims to utilize ordinary courts. 
Ethiopia's industrial courts tend to be procedurally weak--while the 
labor relations board hears disputes and provides case rulings, 
there is a one to three year average backlog of cases. 
 
-- GoE officials highlighted efforts of the police stations in and 
around Addis Ababa, as coordinated with the (NGO) Forum on Street 
Children - Ethiopia.  The two entities work collaboratively in ten 
Child Protection Units (CPUs) in Addis Ababa.  Each CPU is staffed 
by two police officers and one social worker who are minimally 
trained in child labor rights. 
 
-- The GoE asserts that it is coordinating closely across NGO 
stakeholder groups and ministries to assess and address gaps in 
labor policies; however evidence of these efforts is limited. 
Tensions about division of responsibility on  forced child labor 
exist between MoLSA and MoWCA.  An inter-ministerial committee 
responsible for coordinating child labor policies reportedly last 
met in June 2007.  Within recent months, MoLSA has initiated a new 
effort to harmonize ministerial activities and develop a five-year 
(2010-2015) National Action Plan on child labor.  MoLSA expects the 
action plan to be approved shortly. 
 
-- While MoLSA is charged with the enforcement of labor laws, 
Q{-r. 
MoLSA's safety and health administration lacks the capacity to 
conduct systematic inspections.  Research and programming on forced 
labor in the production of goods requires coordinated and systematic 
involvement of the private sector, NGOs, and the GoE. 
 
-- As cited earlier, factors forcing children and adults to accept 
adverse and exploitative working conditions are complex and include 
poverty, the absence of education, population growth, and 
urbanization.  The GoE's lack of capacity to address labor 
exploitation is further exacerbated by escalating living costs and a 
strained political operating environment. 
 
-- The problem of child labor in Ethiopia is significant: nearly 50% 
of children work to supplement their family income, half of them at 
hazardous jobs.  While Ethiopians may regard child labor as normal, 
many fail to distinguish between moderate and excessive, or 
exploitative, forms of work.  Aid organizations have long urged 
local awareness campaigns and stronger government policies to 
protect children from abuse and neglect. 
 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  006 OF 008 
 
 
INCIDENCE 
 
-- In the agricultural sector and weaving industry, exploitative 
child labor in the production of goods was strongly alleged by NGO 
staffers interviewed.  In these areas, anecdotal evidence points to 
incidents of rape, starvation, debt bondage, and severed 
communication between child laborers and their families.  While 
denying that forced labor in the production of goods for export is a 
widespread issue in-country, GoE officials interviewed admitted to 
"problems" of exploitative child labor in the agricultural sector 
and weaving industry. 
 
HOST GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY, OR NGO EFFORTS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO 
COMBAT FORCED LABOR OF ADULTS OR CHILDREN IN THE PRODUCTION OF 
GOODS 
 
-- From 2005-2009, Ethiopia was one of four countries participating 
in the 4-year, USD 14.5 million Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Ethiopia 
Together (KURET) project, funded by USDOL and implemented by World 
Vision in partnership with the International Rescue Committee (IRC) 
and the Academy for Educational Development.  The KURET Project 
aimed to withdraw or prevent a total of 30,600 children from 
suffering from exploitive labor (including the production of goods) 
in HIV/AIDS-affected areas of these four countries through the 
provision of educational services.  KURET worked on the worst form 
of child labor in three sites, Addis Ababa, Ghurage, and Wolkite. 
Its media awareness efforts include labor law workshops for 
agricultural employers and micro enterprise projects to increase 
rural family incomes by providing oxen, goats, labor saving 
technology to the parents of children at risk 
for labor trafficking.  KURET was successful in working with the 
Ministry of Education (MoE) to include child labor issues in the 
classroom curriculum of primary, junior high school and teachers' 
technical training levels. 
 
-- In partnership with KURET, IRC offered educational opportunities 
to children with no access to schooling.  IRC created flexible 
school timetables based on village-specific seasonal calendars and 
daily work schedules.  IRC constructed 22 Alternative Basic 
Education (ABE) centers, including schools in the Beninshangul-Gumuz 
region of western Ethiopia (a region known to engage children in 
small scale gold mining).  In four years, the KURET Initiative 
enrolled 3,840 children in school in two regions. 
 
-- The Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU) has focused 
one-third of their programming on child labor prevention.  CETU's 
highlights include media awareness (radio and televisions public 
service announcements), and labor law workshops for employers in the 
following three regions:  Mekelle, Bahr Dar and Addis Ababa.  CETU 
is planning to incorporate child labor regulations into bargaining 
collective agreements with employers. 
 
-- In 2002, the Multi-purpose Community Development Project (MCDP), 
a local NGO, conducted a non scientific sample survey on child 
weavers in six kebeles (neighborhoods) across two Addis Ababa sub 
cities.  At the QQ)t\Qweavers took part in several dialogues on how to shift/improve 
working conditions while maintaining profitability.  At the 
conclusion of the training modules, weaveQ^kP@y, 
linking victims of internal trafficking (from the Southern Nations 
and Nationalities People's Region to the Northern sector of Addis 
Ababa) to MDCP resources.  In 2005, MCDP extended its project to 
SNNPR to address what it identified as a problem of national 
importance.  MCDP continues to work on improving weaving 
technologies, while training young leaders in children's rights, 
conflict prevention and resolution. 
 
SOURCES OF INFORMATION 
 
Primary sources (18) include interviews conducted with GoE officials 
and Addis Ababa-based NGO sources. 
 
-- Agriculture Federation-Ethiopia, Mr. Gebeyehu Adugna and Mr. 
Tariku Shachachew; 
 
-- Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions (CETU)-Ethiopia,  Mr. 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  007 OF 008 
 
 
Mulu Gared, International Relations Department Head, Mr. Hailu 
Bekele Aniley; 
 
-- Employers Association-Ethiopia, Mr. Teshome Zewdie and Mr. 
Yohannes Beshah; 
 
-- Forum for Street Children in Ethiopia (FSCE), Mrs. Lamrot Fekre, 
Program Director; 
 
-- International Labour Organization (ILO)-Addis Ababa Regional 
Office, Ms. Christina Holmgren, Specialist on International Labor 
Standards, and Mr. Alemseged Woldeyohannes, Child Labor Program 
Officer; 
 
-- International Rescue Committee-Ethiopia, Mr. David Murphy, 
Country Director, Mr. Kassahun Assefa, Project Coordinator, DoL; 
 
-- KURET, World Vision Ethiopia, (Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia 
Together)-World Vision, Mr. Samuel Buticho, Senior Education Program 
Facilitator; 
 
-- Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA)-Government of 
Ethiopia, Mr. Zerihun Gezahegn, Occupational Safety and Health 
Department Head - Child Labor; 
 
-- Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs (MoWCA) - Government 
of Ethiopia, Dr. Bulti Gutema, Head of Mothers' and Children Affairs 
Department Head; 
 
-- Multi-purpose Community Development Project-Ethiopia, Ms. Mulu 
Haile, Director; 
 
-- Save the Children Norway, Ethiopia Office, Mr. Landuber Araya, 
Program Coordinator for Child Labor; 
 
-- Tsalke Education and Integrated Development Association-Ethiopia, 
Tetake Dejene, Program Manager. 
 
-- UNICEF-Ethiopia, Dr. Alessandro Conticini, Child Protection 
Officer. 
 
Secondary Sources (14): 
 
-- ECPAT International-Ethiopia, [online, April 8, 2003]; 
http://www.ecpat.net/eng/CSEC/ 
good_practices/protection_ethiopia.asp. 
 
-- Forum on Street Children-Ethiopia, Information Pack, 2006. 
 
-- International Labor Organization-Addis Ababa Regional Office, 
Child Labour Survey Report. Collaboration between ILO, Government of 
Ethiopia's Central Statistical Authority (CSA), Ministry of Labor 
and Social Affairs (MoLSA), 2001-2002. 
 
-- International Labor Organization-Addis Ababa Regional Office, 
Ratifications of the Fundamental human rights Conventions by country 
in Africa, ILOLEX, [database online October 2, 2003]; available from 
http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declAF .htm. 
 
-- International Rescue Committee, Ethiopia website: 
http://www.theirc.org/news/ 
combating-child-labor-in-Ethiopia-0402.html 
 
-- KURET Resource Kit: Ending Child Labor, An Educational Resource 
Tool, Forum on Street Children Ethiopia, 2004. 
 
-- Labor Force Survey Report 2005, Central Statistical Authority 
(CSA), Addis Ababa. 
 
-- Mitchell-Clark, Kelly, Small Projects Coordinator, U.S. Embassy 
Addis Ababa. "Information on Ethiopian Child Weavers." May 2008. 
 
-- Tsalke Education and Integrated Development Association, May 
2008, "The Hardships of Children Working in Ethiopia's Weaving 
Industry:  The Case of Beljike Biko.Q Tetake Dejene, Program 
Manager. 
 
-- UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, "Ethiopia: Book 
launched to explain child rights", [online, May 9, 2003] available 
from 
http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=3 4001. 
 
ADDIS ABAB 00000293  008 OF 008 
 
 
 
-- U.S. Department of State, "Country Reports on Human Rights 
Practices," 2008. 
 
-- World Bank, "World Development Indicators 2003" [CD-ROM], 
Washington, D.C., 2003. 
 
-- World Vision International: 
http://www.worldvision.org/ worldvision/wvususfo.nsf/stable/ 
globalissueschildprotection_childlabor 
 
-- Yadeta, Lomi. "Child Labor in the Informal Sector in Addis Ababa: 
 The Case of Child Weavers in the Shero Meda Area."  Addis Ababa 
University, Regional and Local Development Studies program, 
Master's 
Thesis, June 2002. 
 
YATES