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Viewing cable 08MAPUTO502, MOZAMBIQUE FIGHTING CORRUPTION WITH SMOKE AND

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Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
08MAPUTO502 2008-06-02 05:18 2011-08-30 01:44 CONFIDENTIAL Embassy Maputo
VZCZCXRO8425
RR RUEHDU RUEHMR RUEHRN
DE RUEHTO #0502/01 1540518
ZNY CCCCC ZZH
R 020518Z JUN 08
FM AMEMBASSY MAPUTO
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 8936
INFO RUCNSAD/SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
RUEHLO/AMEMBASSY LONDON 0173
RUEAIIA/CIA WASHDC
RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC
RHEFDIA/DIA WASHDC
RUEHLMC/MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE CORP WASHINGTON DC
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 04 MAPUTO 000502 
 
SIPDIS 
 
E.O. 12958: DECL: 05/30/2018 
TAGS: KCOR KCRM PGOV PHUM MZ
SUBJECT: MOZAMBIQUE FIGHTING CORRUPTION WITH SMOKE AND 
MIRRORS 
 
MAPUTO 00000502  001.2 OF 004 
 
 
Classified By: Classified By: Charge d,Affaires Todd Chapman for Reason 
s 1.4 (b) and (d) 
 
------- 
SUMMARY 
------- 
 
1. (C) More than three years after a new administration was 
elected on an anticorruption platform, the Government of 
Mozambique (GRM) has shown little success in the fight 
against corruption.  International NGOs, most donors, and 
some small but dedicated elements of civil society express 
constant frustration regarding the lack of progress in 
fighting corruption.  While the GRM continues its strong 
rhetoric and "checking the box" strategy, no high-level cases 
of corruption have been prosecuted, while petty corruption 
also appears to continue unabated.  Many analysts have 
concluded there is no political will to fight corruption and 
GRM actions are little more than an effort to keep aid money 
flowing.  The Embassy is providing technical assistance to 
the Attorney General's anti-corruption office, but requests 
additional resources to fight corruption as part of our 
overall Democracy and Governance program.  Among other areas, 
our programs would focus on supporting civil society groups, 
the media, and targeted government agencies in their 
anti-corruption efforts. 
 
------------------------- 
THE VIEW FROM THE OUTSIDE 
------------------------- 
 
2. (U) Mozambique's score on the NGO Transparency 
International's 2007 Corruption Perception Index remained 2.8 
for the fourth consecutive year ) one measure of a lack of 
progress in combating corruption.  A score of less than three 
indicates that corruption is perceived as "rampant." 
Mozambique's score compares with countries such as Ukraine, 
Mali, the Dominican Republic, and Georgia, but is 
significantly lower than Southern African countries such as 
Namibia (4.5), South Africa (5.1), and Botswana (5.4). 
 
3. (U) The "Joint Review," an annual assessment released in 
early 2008 by the 19 donors and funding agencies (known as 
the G-19 and does not include the USG) which contribute 
directly to the GRM state budget, noted that implementation 
of the GRM's anti-corruption programs should be sped up 
"bearing in mind the concern of the private sector that 
corruption is one of the main constraints weighing on its 
performance, and the development of the business sector in 
general." The report points to specific examples of 
corruption at all levels- from police demanding bribes at 
checkpoints and bureaucrats looking for tips in order to 
speed up permit applications- to high-level corruption within 
the national government.  The review also urged the GRM to 
"show greater effort in the fight against corruption" and 
expressed concern that statistics from the autonomous Central 
Office for the Fight Against Corruption (GCCC) continue to 
show that not a single case of corruption has been heard by 
the courts.  Several European embassy officials expressed 
dissatisfaction with the GRM's efforts against corruption, 
particularly as no high-level person has been convicted of 
corruption during Guebuza's presidency.  Despite these 
concerns, the G-19 continue to provide, indeed to increase, 
direct budget assistance, an indication to the GRM of tacit 
approval of its governance activities and overall progress in 
fighting corruption.  Several European Ambassadors (Irish, 
Swiss, Swedish, and German) have commented privately that 
their governments are reconsidering their budget support 
levels in Mozambique, largely due to domestic parliamentary 
pressure about the reports of official Mozambican corruption. 
 
 
-------------- 
AND THE INSIDE 
-------------- 
 
4. (SBU) Civil society and the media continue to play a 
crucial role as watchdogs; their efforts to unmask incidents 
of corruption have likely constrained its proliferation. 
Even so, a list released earlier this year showed that seven 
of the ten richest Mozambicans were either current government 
officials, or had recently retired from office*and President 
Guebuza was ranked first on the list.  Off the record, some 
in the private sector have dubbed the President with the 
nickname "Gue-business."  Although few NGOs actively follow 
the issue, the Center for Public Integrity (CIP), run by 
 
MAPUTO 00000502  002.2 OF 004 
 
 
former investigative journalist Marcelo Mosse, is an 
organized, efficient research and dissemination organization. 
 Mosse is a frequent source for media dealing with 
corruption.  He believes despite well-publicized rhetoric by 
the government, there is no political will to fight 
corruption, particularly because the political and economic 
elites are extremely interconnected and have too much to 
lose.  Other NGOs following the issue include the Human 
Rights League and the Confederation of Mozambique Business 
Associations (CTA). 
 
5. (U) Journalists are frequent critics of corruption cases 
and serve as the primary source of information on such 
issues.  The media continue to investigate and provide 
significant coverage of government initiatives, USAID 
initiatives (such as the report on corruption released in 
mid-2006), and several long-standing, unresolved cases of 
corruption.  Journalists play a strong role by publicizing 
high-level, unresolved cases, such as the privatization of 
the Banco Austral and investigations of the former Minister 
of Interior.  Both cases have had little success in 
navigating the judicial system. 
 
--------------------------------------------- - 
RHETORIC, CHECKED BOXES MAY NOT EQUAL PROGRESS 
--------------------------------------------- - 
 
6. (U) President Guebuza was elected in 2004 on an 
anti-corruption platform, and the issue remains a main theme 
in his political speeches.  The government's declared 
commitment to curb petty corruption has paid some dividends, 
with several reports of punished or fired civil servants 
leading to better quality health and education services.  In 
addition, corruption-related murder has ceased, the last 
being the murders of journalist Carlos Cardoso (November 
2000) and central banker Antonio Siba-Siba (August 2001). 
 
7. (U) Conerning medium level corruption, there have been 
some promising outcomes: for example the public sector is 
weeding out "ghost workers" (fictitious or deceased 
employees) collecting salaries, and the Civil Service 
Ministry expelled nearly 400 public servants during 2007 for 
petty corruption and other irregularities.  The GRM can also 
claim to have "checked the boxes" with respect to several 
initiatives and targets recommended by donors, such as 
passing an Anticorruption law (August 2004), signing the UN 
Convention Against Corruption (April 2004), launching a 
5-year Anticorruption Strategy (April 2006), and creating a 
National Anticorruption forum (March 2007) with civil society 
participation. At higher levels, however, the Guebuza 
government continues to facilitate corruption through the 
empowerment of state-owned businesses and the manipulation of 
state resources (including awarding large tracts of land) to 
ensure that well-connected Mozambicans participate in large, 
lucrative outside investments. 
 
8. (SBU) These accomplishments appear to be enough to placate 
most of the donor community, but have not produced sufficient 
results to significantly change a continuing corrupt system. 
A UN Convention on corruption was signed, but has not been 
ratified; an official report by the donors noted that since 
its inception no progress had been made implementing the 
Anticorruption Strategy; the National Anticorruption Forum 
was dominated by FRELIMO during its short existence and was 
ultimately abolished in December 2007 after the legality of 
its creation was questioned by the Constitutional Court; and 
the Anticorruption law establishing the Central Office for 
the Fight Against Corruption (GCCC) is full of loopholes. 
Some judges have claimed the GCCC does not have the legal 
authority to charge or prosecute, and a CIP legal expert told 
Poloff that the only solution was to modify the law to 
specifically provide these powers.  Some 370 corruption cases 
(of which only 19 involved charges) have been handled by the 
GCCC since its establishment in 2005, but not one has been 
settled in the courts.  In September 2007, the Attorney 
General and his entire staff of deputies (including the GCCC 
director) were replaced, ostensibly because they had not done 
enough to root out corruption.  New Attorney General Augusto 
Paulino is well-respected and related to Emboffs that his 
marching orders were specifically to tackle corruption.  In 
the nine months since he became Attorney General, however, 
rhetoric has not translated into concrete action. 
 
--------------------------------------------- 
USG EFFORTS AND THE EFFECT OF THE MCC SIGNING 
--------------------------------------------- 
 
MAPUTO 00000502  003.2 OF 004 
 
 
 
9. (C) USG efforts were fairly robust through 2007.  USAID 
provided technical assistance to the GCCC and the CTA, helped 
establish the NGO Ethics Mozambique, coordinated the 
intermittent placement since 2001 of a legal advisor in the 
GCCC, and funded an extensive study in 2006 of corruption in 
Mozambique.  The judicial developments limiting the scope of 
the GCCC, coupled with a December 2007 announcement by the 
Attorney General that the GCCC would no longer have the 
authority to handle cases of forgery, swindles, murder, and 
theft however, cast considerable doubt regarding its mandate. 
 CTA's efforts to simplify procedures have reduced some 
opportunities for bureaucratic corruption related to starting 
and operating a business in Mozambique.  Ethics Mozambique no 
longer exists. The October 2007 and May 2008 placement of a 
US legal advisor in the GCCC was again well-received.  The 
advisor reported receiving full access to the Attorney 
General's office and noted Paulino's desire to strengthen the 
office's capacity to fight corruption.  USAID's corruption 
report received unprecedented coverage following its release 
in 2006.  Overall, Mosse believes USG efforts have had mixed 
results, but noticed that since early 2007 the USG has not 
been as noticeably vocal as in the past.  (Note: the USAID DG 
officer following corruption issues left post in February 
2007 and has not been replaced due to cuts in program 
funding.  As funding increases again, so will staffing. End 
Note). 
 
10. (SBU) The signing of the MCC Compact in 2007 sent a 
signal to the GRM concerning how the USG views the GRM's 
progress on democracy and governance issues.  Of the major 
donors in Mozambique, only Japan and the USG do not provide 
direct financial budget support.  This has not gone unnoticed 
by the GRM.  Following the signing of the compact, President 
Guebuza successfully spun the event as a reward for his 
administration's policies.  The media wondered why the USG 
was suddenly providing such a large sum of money directly to 
the GRM.  Mosse commented to Poloff that the public viewed 
the signing as a strong signal of approval and hoped the USG 
would ensure mechanisms were in place to guarantee 
transparency. 
 
11. (SBU) As a check against this concern, MCC's assistance 
ties disbursement eligibility to several indicators, 
including transparency and public control of corruption, rule 
of law, predictability in regulatory and legal procedures, 
the enforceability of contracts, and the protection of 
intellectual property rights.  If performance against any of 
these indicators deteriorates, the GRM would then be required 
to submit a performance improvement plan specifying how it 
would improve its performance in the specific areas, and 
could lose eligibility for a second five-year program if 
there were no improvement.  In addition, the MCC program 
obtained an agreement from the GRM that all Compact-related 
procurements will not be subject to inefficient and 
cumbersome government systems and internal approvals. 
Instead, the MCC program will use the MCC approved 
procurement guidelines, fiscal accountability plan, and 
approval procedures as defined in the Compact. 
 
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COMMENT 
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12. (C) In the near term the GRM will continue to speak 
forcefully while taking baby steps, especially on petty 
corruption.  It is also likely that despite AG Paulino's 
stature and stated marching orders, the GRM will continue to 
have difficulties tackling high-level corruption, 
particularly considering the legal jurisdiction of the GCCC 
and the inter-connected nature of the political and economic 
elite.  Look for a continued unofficial policy of 
shadowboxing to maintain the flow of international financial 
aid.  However, as the largest single donor in the country, 
the USG has a role to play and the Embassy has devised a 
strategy to engage the GRM and civil society on corruption 
issues. 
 
13. (C) In this environment, the USG approach is to (1) fund 
the activities of civil society groups that directly or 
indirectly address corruption and to commission an update to 
the 2006 study on corruption, (2) implement programs for and 
work more closely with the media to improve the quality of 
investigative reporting while speaking out more vocally in 
the press and civil society on corruption issues; (3) support 
efforts to combat petty corruption, especially where we have 
 
MAPUTO 00000502  004.2 OF 004 
 
 
extensive activities, such as HIV/AIDS and other health 
programs; (4) support efforts to implement laws and 
strengthen systems that ensure transparency in major 
procurement actions by the government and, (5) look to 
augment existing programs with government agencies charged 
with anti-corruption efforts. 
 
14.  (U) In the 2008 Mission Strategic Plan, the Embassy 
elevated Democracy and Governance issues from third to top 
priority for the Mission.  Concurrently we submitted a 
request for a significant increase in the Democracy and 
Government budget of only US$500,000 now available to Post. 
A Democracy and Governance Assessment Mission is currently 
in-country from USAID Washington assisting Post to design a 
more robust Democracy program, in which anti-corruption 
efforts will figure prominently. 
Chapman