VZCZCXYZ1268
PP RUEHWEB

DE RUEHDS #0614/01 0641016
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 041016Z MAR 08
FM AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 9812
RUEAWJA/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON DC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHINGTON DC

UNCLAS ADDIS ABABA 000614 
 
SIPDIS 
 
SENSITIVE 
SIPDIS 
 
STATE FOR AF/E, AF/RSA, G/TIP, G, INL, DRL, and PRM STATE PASS 
USAID 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: ELAB KCRM KFRD KWMN PHUM PREF SMIG ET PRM ASEC PREL
SUBJECT: ETHIOPIA'S SUBMISSION TO THE EIGHTH ANNUAL TRAFFICKING IN 
PERSONS (TIP) REPORT 
 
REF: (B) 2007 STATE 150188; (C) 2007 STATE 002731 
 
¶1. (U) Post provides the following input on trafficking in persons 
issues in Ethiopia. 
¶2. (U) Embassy point of contact:  Pol/Econ Officer Kimberly E. 
Wright, office: +251 (11) 517-4112; fax: +251 (11) 124-2405, 
WRIGHTKE2@STATE.GOV 
¶3. (U) Number of hours spent in preparation of TIP report cable: FEM 
AMB: 2 hour; FS02 Pol/Econ officer: 2 hours; FP04 Pol/Econ officer: 
40 hours; LES: 70 hours 
¶4. (U) Responses are keyed to questions in paragraphs 27-30 of 
reftel. 
¶5. (SBU) [QUESTION 27-OVERVIEW]: 
¶A. Ethiopia is a country of origin for internationally trafficked 
women, to a lesser extent men, and a growing number of children. 
Trafficking also occurs within the country's borders.  Figures vary, 
but local non-governmental organizations believe an estimated 30,000 
to 35,000 Ethiopians were trafficked internationally in 2007, 
slightly more than the previous year.  Trafficking reported in 2007 
was primarily labor-related.  More females than males were victims 
of international trafficking, with prostitution comprising a minor 
share. Young women, particularly those ages 16-30, were the most 
commonly trafficked group, while a small number of children were 
also reportedly trafficked internationally. The International 
Organization for Migration (IOM) and UNICEF studies reveal that 
trafficking issues in Ethiopia are linked with the legacy of the 
modern slave trade, widely practiced until the 1930's. 
¶B. Women are trafficked from all parts of Ethiopia primarily to 
Lebanon, the Gulf States, Sudan and Djibouti to work as domestic 
laborers and less typically as commercial sex workers.  Lebanon, the 
United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are the most common 
destination countries.  According to IOM officials in Addis Ababa, 
there are a total of more than 145,000 Ethiopian migrant workers 
(both legal and illegal) in the Middle East, predominantly women. 
NGOs and Ethiopia's Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MOLSA) 
estimate that the majority of illegal Ethiopian workers in Middle 
Eastern countries were trafficked rather than smuggled for 
employment purposes.  According to estimated data from MOLSA and 
IOM, 15,450 Ethiopian workers migrated to the Middle East between 
September 2006 and August 2007; and 13,322 Ethiopian workers 
migrated to the Middle East between September 2007 and December 
¶2007. 
-- Approximately 17,000 illegal Ethiopian workers remain in Lebanon, 
along with over 15,000 legally immigrated Ethiopians, representing a 
significant share of Lebanon's estimated 80,000 migrant worker 
communities. 
-- Approximately 13,000 to 15,000 illegal Ethiopian workers are 
believed to be in Yemen.  Several thousand Ethiopians are believed 
to be stranded in Puntland (Somalia), having unsuccessfully sought 
transit onward to Yemen.  In the fall of 2007, the GoE suspended 
Syria as a legal destination point for employment, due to employee 
maltreatment and trafficking concerns. News reportage of external 
trafficking incidents was increasingly headlined between June and 
December of 2007. According to independent news sources, more than 
2,500 Ethiopians were identified, rescued, and in some cases 
arrested for illegal entry into Tanzania, South Africa, Yemen, 
Lebanon, and Somalia. 
--Between September 2006 and April 2007, local NGOs identified at 
least 54 Ethiopian and Sri Lankan nationals who had been trafficked 
via Jordan to Iraq in hopes of securing contracts as houseboys, 
house keepers and construction workers. After arranging potential 
employee transits from Jordan to Iraq, contract brokers later 
attempted to supply the workers with weapons and enlist them in 
military-like drills.  According to IOM, Ethiopians can be found in 
northern areas of Iraq such as Erbil and Sulaimaniyah as well as 
Baghdad. 
-- IOM officials cite Yemen as another significant transit point, 
for young Ethiopian girls (average age 14-15) being trafficked to 
Djibouti.  A 2006 IOM impact assessment concludes that many of these 
Ethiopian girls trafficked to Djibouti via Yemen have HIV/AIDS. 
-- In 2007, no formal reports emerged regarding Ethiopians 
trafficked to the United States. Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, Lebanon and 
Saudi Arabia continue to be identified as the most popular 
destinations for trafficking and smuggling. 
-- In Saudi Arabia, there are reportedly close to 90,000 illegal 
Ethiopian migrants, the bulk of whom initially travelled to Saudi 
Arabia on religious pilgrimages (the Hajj and Umra) and remained 
illegal.  Some 7,000 to 9,000 illegal Ethiopian workers are believed 
to be living in Kuwait and Bahrain; and 5,000 to 7,000 illegal 
Ethiopians are believed to be living in the United Arab Emirates, 
principally in Dubai. 
--According to IOM, the Tanzanian government arrested over 2,000 
Ethiopians for illegally entering the country en route to South 
Africa to perform labor associated with hosting the 2010 World Cup. 
IOM is currently investigating these cases to determine if they are 
smuggling or trafficking-related. 
--In July 2007, Bahrain and the government of UAE announced amnesty 
for illegal migrant workers to either legalize their status or leave 
the country without penalty.  According to IOM, several Ethiopian 
illegal migrants could not take advantage of the amnesty provisions 
as some of the children born to them in host countries do not have 
(and were not provided with) appropriate travel documents to 
accompany their parents home. 
-- Men tend to be trafficked to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States 
primarily as low-skilled labor.  NGOs report popular transit 
countries to include Egypt, Yemen, Djibouti, Sudan, Libya, Tanzania, 
and Kenya. Some Ethiopian women have been reportedly trafficked 
onward from Lebanon to Europe (specifically Turkey, Italy and 
Greece).  Trafficked Ethiopians transit Egypt, Yemen, Djibouti, 
Kenya, and Tanzania, to perform domestic labor in Lebanon and other 
Gulf states.  They also transit Sudan and Libya as part of irregular 
migration to Europe and North America.  Ethiopians are trafficked to 
Djibouti for domestic labor and the sex industry. 
-- Local NGOs also report that internal trafficking of children and 
adults continue to be a serious problem.  According to Addis Ababa's 
police child protection unit (CPU) social work reports, traffic 
broker networks have grown increasingly sophisticated and 
collaborative. Aware of the police presence in the Merkato and 
downtown Addis Ababa bus terminals, traffickers are approaching 
vulnerable individuals (i.e. young adults and children from rural 
areas) at bus terminals 15 to 20 kilometers outside of Addis Ababa's 
city limits. Although NGO and police reports fall short of accusing 
traffickers of organizing national crime syndicates or gangs, these 
recruitment methods are evolving and notable. Vulnerable individuals 
transiting the North Addis Ababa and Addis Ababa bus terminals are 
sometimes identified and targeted by agents/brokers (or traffickers) 
who approach them offering jobs, food, guidance, and shelter.  Some 
social workers have reported that people from urban areas recruit 
children in their villages for housemaid work or traditional 
weaving.  NGO representatives report that some traffickers focus on 
rural villages to recruit specific types or categories of laborers. 
-- IOM and UNICEF officials report some linkages between internal 
and international trafficking, specifically noting that children 
internally trafficked from Dire Dawa, Bahar Dar, and Dessie are 
frequently sent to the Middle East, transiting through Dire Dawa, 
Jijiga, Bosasso (in Somalia), and then Djibouti. 
-- High unemployment and extreme poverty continued to provide the 
"push" behind labor and migration trends, while jobs, opportunities, 
and better living standards overseas served to "pull" desperate 
Ethiopians overseas, according to IOM officials.  NGOs assert that 
while the number in-country legal labor migration employment 
agencies have risen from 36 to 72 between 2005 and 2007, the GoE has 
significantly tightened its implementation of various labor and 
employment agency provisions.  The net result, according to NGOs, is 
that more Ethiopians are trafficked to neighboring countries 
(particularly Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, and Sudan) or via 
intermediate destinations (such as Egypt). 
--The GOE has demonstrated political will to address the trafficking 
problem, in particular by informing Ethiopians about risks and 
realities of seeking employment overseas.  The GOE also supervises 
the work of the legal international labor migration firms, which 
includes counter-trafficking training in their initial screening and 
pre-departure counseling programs.  MOLSA now directly employs two 
full time direct hires as pre-departure orientation counselors. 
Counselors provide information and training on the realities of 
irregular migration, with specific focus on risks (such as 
exploitation, violence and abuse). In previous years MOLSA 
subcontracted IOM to provide its clients with such services. MOLSA's 
institutionalization of these training modules and staffers may 
signal the Ministry's current leanings towards a more pro-active 
approach to trafficking prevention efforts. 
--A current total of 72 registered employment agencies in Ethiopia 
have been licensed by MOLSA to send workers abroad. Two additional 
employment agencies are currently under suspension and investigation 
for exploitative labor practices.  All of the Addis Ababa-based 
employment agencies cite their primary destination country business 
hubs in the Middle East.  MOLSA has recently completed revising 
proclamation 104/1998, a tool which until now has lacked 
coordination, supervision, and controlling mechanisms. The amended 
proclamation, pending early 2008 parliamentary ratification, should 
streamline employment agency protections for migrant workers. Local 
NGOs have expressed concerns about MOLSA's proposed proclamation 
104/1998 revisions, citing employment agency fee structures as 
prohibitively expensive for potential employee clients. 
-- Many children are trafficked from rural to urban areas for 
domestic work, but some are pushed into a variety of employment 
streams as prostitutes, beggars, or accessories to crimes. Anecdotal 
reports refer to trafficked children made to live and work under 
life-threatening conditions, subjected to sexual abuse and 
exploitation, and separated from families and familial support. 
Trafficked children often report various human rights violations, 
including forced labor, debt bondage, forced begging, physical and 
sexual assault and exploitation, prostitution, harassment, 
confinement, denial of salary, and incarceration. These degredations 
further expose them to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 
including HIV/AIDS, as well as under-aged pregnancies, unsafe 
abortions, fistulas and child birth complications. 
-- MOLSA's Women's Affairs Department estimated that 90,000 women 
were involved in prostitution in 2002, of which approximately 20 
percent are young women between 12 - 18 years of age (UNICEF, 2005). 
Some of these children and young women have been internally 
trafficked. Child domestic labor is a widespread phenomenon in 
Ethiopia that traps many children, mostly girls. It is a hidden form 
of exploitation, often involving physical, emotional and sexual 
abuse, leading to health risks and violence. As a study on child 
domestic workers in Addis Ababa indicated domestic workers are 
usually "invisible" in their communities, toiling for long hours 
with little or no pay, frequently abused, and regularly deprived of 
the chance to play or go to school. Some of these working children 
are as young as six years old. 
--Although there are international, regional and national provisions 
that prohibit child trafficking, there is very little reliable 
information at the national level on the nature and magnitude of the 
problem. Emancipation of trafficked children is rare. 
-- Ethiopia is not a destination country for internationally 
trafficked victims.  Internally trafficked individuals are commonly 
targeted on arrival in Addis Ababa or recruited from rural villages 
for work as housemaids or for unskilled jobs in shops, factories, 
restaurants, or bars.  Those without local family contacts or other 
recourse return to their villages and are at risk for exploitation, 
including prostitution.  Coercion is sometimes a factor. 
-- Employment-seeking individuals frequently choose to move from 
rural to urban areas.  It is also common for family members to seek 
job opportunities for unemployed kin. 
-- IOM's recent Rapid Assessment Report (2006, pp.33-42) cites 
trafficking routes overlapping with normal routes for movement and 
migration from rural to urban areas. 
¶C.  The GoE has the political will to assist and protect trafficking 
victims but it is constrained by a lack of funding, personnel, 
training and general.  The World Bank ranks Ethiopia as one of the 
world's poorest countries.  Increasingly cognizant of the problem 
and the need to do more, the GoE has focused on cross-training 
initiatives and media campaigns. GoE activities are largely 
organized via its Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Trafficking, with 
the Ministry of Justice (MoJ), MOLSA and IOM serving as the task 
force's lead actors.  Throughout 2007, the government closed illegal 
international employment agencies and enforced immigration 
requirements for departing labor migrants. However, very low 
trafficking conviction rates send a poor message to Ethiopians both 
here and abroad.  Ethiopia's under-resourced and overwhelmed 
judicial system lacks capacity to vigorously prosecute trafficking 
cases.  The inability of police investigators to properly code, 
track and distinguish smuggling, rape, abduction, and unfair child 
labor practices cases is parallel to the internal practices of a 
judicial system that routinely fails to track trafficking cases 
appropriately. Consequently, monitoring and enforcement have 
lagged. 
¶D. The government monitors immigration and emigration patterns for 
evidence of trafficking.  With IOM and other NGO partner assistance, 
immigration officers have been trained to spot and question those 
most susceptible (children and young women) to trafficking and 
verify the legitimacy of the travel.  Beyond application of 
proclamation 104, little else has been done. 
¶E. Please refer to 5(C) 
¶6. (SBU) [QUESTION 28 - INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF 
TRAFFICKERS]: 
¶A. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 
clearly prohibits trafficking in human beings for whatever purpose 
(article 18(2)). Article 36(1) (d) further prohibits exploitative 
child labor.  In May 2005, the GoE enacted new legislation further 
codifying constitutional anti-trafficking precepts.  The May 2005 
penal code improved trafficking-related language, outlawed 
labor-related trafficking, and replaced the less specific penal code 
of 1957. 
-- Article 596 (Enslavement) criminalizes any attempt to enslave, 
sell, alienate, buy, trade or exploit another person. 
-- Article 597 (Trafficking in Women and Children) criminalizes the 
recruitment, transportation, harboring, import, or export of women 
or minors for the purpose of forced labor. 
-- Article 598 (Unlawful Sending of Ethiopians for Work Abroad) 
criminalizes sending Ethiopian citizens abroad for work without a 
license. 
-- Article 599 (Participation of Illegal Associations and Juridical 
Persons) criminalizes any group or organization's participation in 
slave trade. 
-- Article 600 (Default of Supervision or Control) criminalizes any 
government official who fails to take all measures to control and 
prevent trafficking. 
-- Article 635 (Traffic in Women and Minors) specifically 
criminalizes the trafficking of men, women and children for 
prostitution. 
¶B. Those found in violation of these articles face 5 to 20 years 
imprisonment and a fine not to exceed 50,000 birr (approximately USD 
4,700). For particularly egregious cases involving bodily harm, the 
penalty may be 10 to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment. 
Organizations found in violation Article 599 face a 100,000 birr 
(approximately USD 9,400) fine and dissolution. Ethiopia has further 
ratified most of the general UN conventions as well as several ILO 
conventions dealing with trafficking and labor exploitation. These 
are: 
--UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and 
the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949; 
--UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural 
--UN International Rights, 1966; Covenant on Civil and Political 
Rights, 1966; 
--UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination 
Against Women (CEDAW), 1979; 
--UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989; 
--The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1986; 
--The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1999; 
--ILO Convention No. 181 on Private Employment Agencies, 1997; 
--ILO Convention No. 105 on the Abolition of Forced Labor, 1957; 
--ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst forms of Child Labor. 
The GoE signed and ratified ILO convention 182 (2003), ILO 
convention 29 (2003), and ILO convention 105 (1999).  The GoE has 
neither signed nor ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention 
on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child 
Prostitution, and Child Pornography, nor the Protocol to Prevent, 
Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and 
children.  However, in late 2006, both protocols were submitted to 
the Council of Ministers for approval. 
--The GoE signed and ratified the Optional Protocol to the 
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on the Sale of Children, 
Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography. 
-- The GoE signed and ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and 
Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, 
supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized 
Crime 
¶C. Please refer to 6A and 6B 
¶D. Article 589 of the penal code makes rape punishable by 
imprisonment not to exceed 10 years.  If committed against a child 
under age 15, or to anyone under the protective custody or 
supervision of the accused person, or by a number of persons acting 
in concert, rape is punishable by imprisonment not to exceed 15 
years.  Forced sexual assault as defined by article 590 of the penal 
code is punishable by imprisonment not exceeding 8 years, or with 
"simple imprisonment" for not less than 6 months.  Depending on 
which article is used to prosecute, the penalties for rape and 
sexual assault may be more or less severe than the penalties for 
trafficking. 
¶E. Prostitution is not legal in Ethiopia.  Article 634 (Habitual 
Exploitation for Pecuniary Gain) criminalizes the act of 
prostitution and those elements in support of it.  Prostitutes, 
brothel owner/operators, clients, and those who procure customers 
for prostitutes (pimps) are subject to a maximum of five years 
imprisonment.  In practice, however, few people are charged with 
prostitution or crimes related to prostitution.  Enforcement of 
Ethiopia's existing anti-prostitution laws has lagged. 
¶F. According to the lead social worker at Addis Ababa's Merkato 
Child Protection Unit, in 2007, 694 cases of trafficked children 
were reported to the police.  Of these, 50 cases have been referred 
to the prosecutor's office.  Few statistics are readily available as 
to how many of the 50 cases resulted in conviction and sentencing. 
Twenty cases are currently pending prosecution, and the remaining 30 
have been closed due either to lack of evidence or absconded 
defendants.  The low conviction rates partly result from an 
understaffed and overburdened judiciary, and lack of cooperation 
with destination country governments. Traffickers often destroy 
evidence, making convictions difficult. Limited hard data was 
available as to the 2007 prosecution rates for children or adults. 
Reportage of any kind for trafficked adults is anecdotal, 
principally supplied by local NGOs known to shelter and service 
young women (i.e. Good Samaritans, Organization for the Prevention, 
Rehabilitation and Integration of Female Street Children) victimized 
by trafficking. 
-- According to the Forum for Street Children, a domestic NGO funded 
by international donors, 18 child traffickers were put on trial in 
¶2007. All of these cases were transferred to the prosecutor's office 
after investigation where the alleged child traffickers were 
released on bail by court order. Cases where alleged traffickers 
were released on bail by the court: male-O, female-15; cases where 
alleged traffickers were not traced: male-0, female-18. One 
trafficker was reported in Oromia region and the other 17 in Addis 
Ababa (Lideta sub-city). 
--From April 2007 through January 2008, the Good Samaritan 
Association (GSA) provided services to 12 external and 13 internal 
victims of trafficking.  Last year, GSA spent over USD $757 per TIP 
victim for general rehabilitation services. 
-- MOLSA clarified that in both 2006 and 2007, the federal 
government's previously compiled trafficking data was coupled with 
"fraud" cases.  Such "fraud" includes trafficking-related cases, but 
also unrelated crimes such as counterfeit checks and other scams. 
As noted previously, the May 2005 revised penal code recognizes and 
names trafficking as a crime. Citing a total of 100,000 intermixed 
and backlogged criminal files in the prosecutor's office, MOLSA 
asserts that the GOE lacks the institutional capacity and resources 
to separate trafficking from fraud cases. Such cases would have to 
be reviewed individually to distinguish between trafficking and 
other types of fraud. 
--2006: Some 925 cases of trafficked children reported (378 male, 
547 female); 8 cases remain under investigation by police; 12 cases 
sent to prosecutors later dropped; unknown number of individuals 
sentenced. 
--Information on who is behind trafficking has proven difficult to 
document.  According to MOJ, MOLSA and IOM sources, traffic 
brokering rings are becoming increasingly sophisticated and 
collaborative.  There are several well known operators in Addis who 
have extensive linkages both throughout Ethiopia and destination 
countries.  In the past, some worked under the cover of legitimate 
travel agencies. NGO representatives do not believe trafficking is 
operated or coordinated by international criminal organizations. 
-- The 2007 joint MOLSA/UNICEF National Study on Child Trafficking 
in Ethiopia (pp.23-25) reports the trafficking process to involve 
many different actors, including recruiters, intermediaries/brokers, 
and transporters. Cross-country bus and truck drivers are involved 
in trafficking of children, while brokers, pimps and brothel owners 
finalize the deal at the receiving end. These actors/traffickers are 
usually known to the victims or their families. 
--In Ethiopia, most children are trafficked by their relatives (such 
as uncles, aunts, friends or friends of friends), a member of the 
locality who lives in town or regularly moves between urban and 
rural areas. A peak time for child trafficking (particularly in the 
Gurage, Wolaita, and Gamo Gofa areas) is when traffickers go to the 
southern regions for Meskel celebrations. 
--Many traffickers in the North dress and act as priests to avoid 
being suspected of child trafficking. In some cases, children 
themselves take the initiative and approach the recruiters to take 
them away. Currently there are brokers in both the southern and 
northern regions of the country whose principle livelihood is child 
trafficking. Traffickers transiting five to six children each 
between Awassa and Shashemene is said to be common. 
BROKERS: Local brokers (called 'delalas') operate at the community 
level and are usually known to the victim and his or her family. 
Delalas often recruit potential victims for trafficking.  Typically 
the broker is either a returnee from the country of destination or 
has relatives there.  Reports indicate many women who work in Middle 
Eastern countries traffic through their families in Ethiopia. 
Community members are more likely to trust traffickers with family 
members living and working abroad.  This has helped some families to 
establish a small business trafficking women and children.  To avoid 
notoriety and detection by authorities, local brokers do not have 
established or official places of work.  They work from rented 
houses, neighborhood cafes or hotel rooms and do not publicly 
advertise their services.  To avoid being identified, brokers also 
move from place to place in larger towns and work through multiple 
facilitators.  According to the 2007 MOLSA/UNICEF study, most 
victims do not know the real names and addresses of the brokers who 
recruit and traffic them. 
FACILITATORS: Brokers usually use facilitators for recruitment and 
do not directly contact victims and their families. Facilitators are 
typically neighbors or other persons known to the victim. This can 
also include close relatives and family members. The main tasks of 
facilitators in the recruitment process are to seek out potential 
victims, convince victims and their families of the benefits of 
working abroad, and arrange a meeting with the broker.  Though 
facilitators present themselves as concerned individuals, they 
actually receive commissions from brokers for each successfully 
trafficked woman and child. 
TRAVEL AGENCIES AND IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESSES: Travel agencies and 
import-export businesses are in a position to make the business of 
trafficking in persons from Ethiopia more efficient, organized and 
widespread. Their activities create frequent opportunities for 
travel to destination countries and contact with employment agents 
and individuals involved in trafficking at the destination side. Not 
much is known about the recruitment methods used by owners and 
operators of travel agencies and import-export businesses.  They do 
not advertise their services since they are not licensed to arrange 
employment abroad.  Presumably, they work with local brokers and 
facilitators at the initial stages of recruitment in the manner 
discussed above. 
THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS: As described above, most brokers recruit 
women and children in an informal manner using a facilitator.  The 
facilitator's first task is to identify a child or woman who could 
be convinced to seek the help of the broker.  These are often 
parents in financial difficulty or with children out of school.  The 
facilitator befriends the potential victim or her family and 
suggests the possibility of employment in a foreign country as a 
means of dealing with the family's problems.  Once the interest of 
the victim or parents has been secured, the facilitator offers to 
arrange a meeting with the broker. In many cases, parents finance 
their children's migration by borrowing money from illegal loan 
sharks at exorbitant interest rates, through facilitators and local 
brokers.  Once fees are agreed upon and first payment is made, the 
potential migrant gives the broker a copy of her passport, one full 
body and one passport-size photograph, and a medical examination 
report proving that she does not suffer from any major ailment, in 
particular HIV/AIDS.  Sometimes, brokers keep the original passport, 
so that the victim cannot approach other brokers for a cheaper deal. 
Copies of the victim's passport and the photographs are then sent to 
the broker's contacts in the country of destination for selection by 
potential employers.  Finding an employer through the foreign 
contacts usually takes a few weeks.  Upon confirmation of an 
interested employer, the broker faxes copies of the relevant 
documents to the country of destination to process and secures the 
necessary entry visa. 
¶G. SPECIALIZED TRAINING: In partnership with NGOs, the GoE has 
provided a limited number of officials with access to information 
and training in counter-trafficking.  From April through November of 
2007, IOM conducted five capacity building trainings for over 156 
judges, police, prosecutors, and concerned leaders of NGO 
communities. Trainings provided participants with opportunities to 
discuss and identify gaps in laws, practices and services.  Training 
participants included presidents of regional supreme courts, police 
commissioners, and heads of regional justice bureaus. 
¶H. GOVERNMENT INVESTIGATION: The government employs surveillance 
techniques to monitor trafficking. Each of the 10 
counter-trafficking police units (CPU's) in Addis Ababa is assigned 
three police officers.  Police and immigration security officials 
are equipped to conduct electronic surveillance and undercover 
operations. 
¶I. EXTRADITION: According to Post's lead MFA counter-trafficking 
contact, in 2007 there were no requests by any foreign government to 
extradite non-Ethiopians charged with trafficking.  The GoE does not 
extradite its own nationals charged with such offenses. 
¶J. EVIDENCE OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN TRAFFICKING: Please refer 
to 6K. 
¶K. EVIDENCE OF GOVERNMENT COOPERATION IN INVESTIGATIONS: 
-- Ethiopia lacks diplomatic representation in several Gulf States. 
If funding permits, the GOE intends to open or expand a number of 
neighboring country consulates in coming years.  Currently, the 
GoE's Embassy in Saudi Arabia is accredited to Oman, and its mission 
in Kuwait is accredited to Bahrain. 
--Police have been successful in thwarting potential trafficking of 
those transiting Addis Ababa's Bole International airport. However, 
according to MOLSA and the IOM, there is little international 
cooperation that occurs.  The MFA intends to heighten Ethiopian 
diplomats' awareness of the seriousness of trafficking problems 
in-country, by highlighting and contextualizing the issue in its 
training programs.  The MFA reports that neighboring destination 
countries have been hesitant to enter into any binding bilateral 
agreements with the GOE, despite the GoE's attempts to initiate 
them. 
--There have been no official reports of involvement of GOE 
officials in trafficking, but there are specific if unsubstantiated 
reports that this practice exists. No government official has ever 
been officially implicated or arrested on any trafficking charge. 
--L. 2005 TVPRA: There is no evidence that the GoE has vigorously 
investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced nationals of the 
country deployed abroad as part of a peace keeping mission who 
engage in or facilitate trafficking or who exploit trafficking 
victims. As part of the standard ACOTA soldiers skills training, 
human rights and rules of engagement are trained and emphasized. 
Once the soldier departs for the mission, Post Addis has no further 
control or engagement. 
¶M. CHILD SEX TOURISM: Ethiopia is not a high-volume child sex 
tourism source or destination.  A newly established court (in late 
2006) for women and children has led to several convictions of 
Ethiopian sexual abusers.  While these convictions are not related 
to trafficking, NGOs see the court as a potentially useful tool for 
this purpose. 
¶7. (SBU) [QUESTION 29 - PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS]: 
¶A. MOLSA, the MoJ, MFA and NGO sources widely report that the 
government does not have the resources to provide any material 
assistance to victims of trafficking.  Consulates in Beirut and 
Dubai dispense limited legal advice to trafficked victims and 
provide temporary shelter to them on (infrequent) occasion.  The GoE 
does not provide temporary loans to trafficked victims who do not 
have the financial means to be repatriated.  There are neither GoE 
designated victim care programs, nor victim-specific health care 
facilities in Ethiopia. 
Returnee trafficking victims must rely on psychological services 
provided by public health institutions and the limited number of 
NGOs dedicated to work in this area, such as OPRIFIS, Good 
Samaritans, IOM, Project Concern International (PCI), and Forum for 
Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE), Ethiopian Women's Lawyers 
Association and Project Hope.  The Inter-ministerial Task Force is 
exploring how to more effectively identify NGOs or community-based 
organizations that can and do provide such services, as well as to 
improve referral systems. 
¶B. VICTIM CARE: With possible assistance from UNICEF, MOLSA plans to 
expand Addis Ababa screening and referral programs for children to 
other large cities and rural transport points.  Each Addis Ababa 
police station is affiliated with a child protection unit, which 
collects information regarding victims, and aims to reunify them 
with their family. Shelter facilities are limited, especially for 
boys. 
¶C. GOVERNMENT FUNDING: MOLSA, EWLA, UNICEF, FSCE and IOM confirm 
that the government does not provide funding or other forms of 
support to foreign or domestic NGOs for treatment services specific 
to trafficking victims. 
¶D. VICTIMS RESTITUTION AND TRACKING: According to NGO sources, 
government authorities have not made any concerted effort to 
interview returned trafficked victims about their experiences. The 
government accords no special protections, shelter, and other 
housing or special services benefits to trafficking victims or 
witnesses. Many returned victims fear retribution not only from 
accused traffickers but also from other trafficked persons trapped 
in destination countries.  There is no codified legal barrier to 
victims pursuing civil suits or seeking legal action against 
traffickers.  There is no victim restitution program. 
¶E. LEGALIZED PROSTITUTION: Prostitution is not legal in Ethiopia. 
¶F. RESPECT FOR VICTIMS RIGHTS: The GoE asserts that it respects the 
rights of returnee victims.  In 2007, there have been limited 
reports of returned trafficked victims being detained, jailed, or 
prosecuted for violations of other laws, such as those governing 
immigration or prostitution. 
¶G. GOVERNMENT'S ENCOURAGEMENT TO VICTIMS: MOLSA reports that 
Ethiopian consulates and embassies in employment destination 
countries are staffing up with labor attaches. The attache's are 
partially dedicated to address trafficking victims' issues. Several 
Ethiopian Consulates and Embassies are reportedly providing limited 
legal advice and temporary shelters for trafficked victims awaiting 
funds from family members or friends to pay off traffickers so that 
they can finance their return to Ethiopia. 
¶H. SERVICES AND PROTECTION OFFERED TO VICTIMS AND WITNESSES: 
--The Forum for Street Children (FSCE) is an indigenous NGO 
established in 1989. FSCE is committed to creating favorable and 
supportive conditions for urban disadvantaged children in general 
while working for and towards the respect and protection of the 
rights of street children, sexually abused and exploited children, 
physically abused children and children in conflict with the law. 
--In July 2007, 54 licensed employment agencies formed the Private 
Employment Agencies Association with the objective of coordinating 
and monitoring external employment activity. The association has 
been collaborating with the GoE to report illegal brokers.  Members 
of the association assert that TIP adversely affects employer income 
and the country's image.  The association has a lawyer, office 
manager and secretary handling its day to day activities. 
-- The Good Samaritan Association (GSA) is an indigenous NGO 
established in 1998 by a group of Ethiopian health professionals 
focused on reproductive health, and community-based development 
programs. It has established a shelter to assist victims of internal 
and external trafficking.  Victim assistance services include 
shelter, food, medical triage and referral, vocational training, 
small business development/micro-financing and job placement. 
-- The International Organization for Migration (IOM) Addis Ababa 
founded its Ethiopia program in 2001, with a sustained focus on 
anti-trafficking efforts.  The main components of IOM services are: 
migrant/returnee counseling; GoE and NGO capacity building; and 
campaigns to enhance trafficking awareness in schools and among the 
general public. Between April and November 2007, IOM implemented 
five counter-trafficking capacity building trainings for judges, 
magistrates, police officers and concerned members of the NGO 
community. In December, IOM launched two documentary films on human 
trafficking and smuggling. 'The Martyrs of the Gulf of Eden' by 
Daniel Grandclement recounts stories of migrants undertaking the 
perilous and desperate journey to cross the Gulf of Eden, while 
'Unheard Voices' highlights the survivor tales of child trafficking 
in Ethiopia. 
-- Established in 2005, Project Concern International (PCI), 
partners with local organizations to provide support services to 
vulnerable children, improve community health, and promote 
sustainable development. 
-- The Organization for Prevention, Rehabilitation and Integration 
of Female Street Children (OPFRIS) is an indigenous NGO founded in 
2000 to provide shelter and vocational training to young women 
victims of internal trafficking. Its major activities include 
education, health services, recreation, counseling, shelter, meals, 
and family reunification. It is also involved in advocacy to 
influence policy-making and legislation impacting the rights of 
children. 
-- In 2007, UNICEF and MOLSA finalized a major study that provides 
solid evidence on the magnitude, dynamics and trends of child 
trafficking in Ethiopia, with a focus on internal child trafficking. 
This study is the first of its kind available in the country. UNICEF 
and the Center for Child Psychosocial Support Association is 
currently using this very new body of data to promote evidence-based 
policy analysis and the design of new mental health care 
interventions and support services for trafficking returnee 
victims. 
¶I. SPECIALIZED TRAINING FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS: During this 
reporting period, and as part of its scope of its leadership role on 
the Inter-Ministerial task force, IOM and ILO provided five 
trainings to more than 156 magistrates, judges, police personnel, 
and concerned leaders of the NGO community. Some of the highlights 
of these trainings (conducted in two regions) are as follows: 
--From April 13-14, 2007, 22 judges, prosecutors and police officers 
were provided with a forum to discuss prosecution difficulties in 
trafficking cases. Participants came from Addis Ababa, Amhara 
Region, Tigray Region, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples 
Region (SNNPR) Dire Dawa and Oromia Region. The objectives of the 
workshop were to provide a refresher of the basic principles of 
trafficking and recent developments in the legal sphere; to review 
the implementation of international standards with regard to 
screening, identification and protection of trafficking victims; and 
to provide an overview of the Inter-Ministerial task force's current 
scope of work. 
--On April 17-18, 33 members of public and private federal and 
regional media participated in a two-day capacity building training 
in Addis Ababa. 
--In June, IOM hosted three-day para-counselor training for 
forty-three participants from various private employment agencies, 
NGOs, and government offices. The training raised partner 
organization awareness on trafficking and enhanced capacities to 
provide counselling services and information to migrants, victim 
returnees and their families. 
--Also in June, 31 immigration officials attended a half-day 
training on border management and fraudulent documents detection. 
Participants from partner UN agencies have benefited from four day 
training on International Migration Law. This training includes 
issues on irregular migration, in particular smuggling and 
trafficking of human beings. 
¶J. GOE ASSISTANCE TO REPATRIATED VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING: Please 
refer to 7H. 
¶K. NGOs PROVIDING ASSISTANCE TO TRAFFICKING VICTIMS: Please refer to 
7H 
¶8. (SBU) [QUESTION 30-PREVENTION]: 
¶A. The GOE acknowledges that trafficking is a problem in-country. 
¶B. Established in 2003, an inter-ministerial counter-trafficking 
task force comprises officials from the ministries of foreign 
affairs, justice, information, and women's affairs, as well as 
MOLSA, the Federal Police Commission, the Office of Immigration, 
Addis Ababa Police Commission, and the Addis Ababa Prosecutors 
Office.  In June 2006, MOLSA assumed overall coordination 
responsibility, and its annual action plan included a summary of its 
work plans for the year with respect to counter trafficking. 
According to MOLSA's Employment and Manpower Department Chief, the 
task force's major accomplishment in 2007 was the establishment on 
paper of a MOLSA mock court to investigate cases illegal 
work-related migration. The court is not yet funded or functional. 
In March 2007, the task force has divided itself into four 
subcommittees which include: research, information, media and legal 
affairs. 
¶C. The GOE supported IOM-sponsored counseling and health services 
for trafficking returnees.  It also co-sponsored IOM programming for 
Ethiopian radio spots in four local languages (Amharic, Oromiffa, 
Tigrigna and Somali). Between April and November 2007, and in 
conjunction with the Ministerial Task Force, IOM conducted five 
awareness raising training and consultative workshops on TIP. 
Regional magistrates, judges, prosecutors, police, employment agency 
executives, journalists, immigration and other government officials 
were in attendance. In a highly specialized two-day consultative 
workshop on anti-TIP practices for judges, prosecutors and police 
officers (April 13-14, 2007), MOLSA briefed participants on the 
Draft Revised Private Employment Agency Proclamation No.104/1998. 
The revised Draft Proclamation attempts to do the following; a) 
obligates Private Employment Agencies (PEAs) to provide 
pre-employment and pre-departure orientation and training to 
potential migrant workers; b) limits the number of country of 
destination to which PEAs can send migrants; c) allows PEAs to open 
branch offices at regional levels; d)  allows PEAs to charge job 
seekers one month's salary for their services; e) mandates that PEAs 
provide life insurance coverage to clients; f) assigns Labor 
attaches' and attorneys to Ethiopian Embassies and Consular Offices 
in all employment destination countries. 
¶D. The government monitors its borders within the context of its 
limited capacity.  There are large swaths of territory along 
Ethiopia's borders with Sudan, Kenya and Somalia that are not 
currently monitored by Ethiopian border officials.  Current 
post-electoral events in Kenya have thwarted some of the enforcement 
and anti-trafficking efforts at the Kenyan/Ethiopian border. The GOE 
Immigration Authority has set up a number of checkpoints to verify 
legal entries and exits.  Border control points have been set up in 
Metema, Dewele, Galafi, Dire Dawa (at the center of town), and 
Moyale.  Border guards check whether necessary documents (passports) 
are in order and that visas are appropriately and legitimately 
stamped.  Border guards also seek to verify that migrant workers 
have proper employment contracts and have completed MOLSA's parallel 
authorizing process.  Guards are also authorized to prevent 
unaccompanied minors from crossing borders without a legal adult 
guardian. 
¶E. In 2007, the government showed slightly more effective partnering 
with NGOs, particularly Project Concern International, IOM, and the 
Forum for Street Children in Ethiopia (FSCE).  MOLSA works closely 
with IOM on anti-trafficking activities but partners with very few 
indigenous NGOs (apart from making some data available to them upon 
request).  As part of its capacity enhancement plans, IOM developed 
a database for MOLSA, a soon to be fully functional software tool to 
track Ethiopian labor trends abroad and at home. MOLSA counselors 
are fully hosting pre-departure orientation sessions to streamline 
labor migration and enhance migration management activities. In an 
effort to streamline its effectiveness several months ago, the 
Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Trafficking developed four 
subcommittees on research, media, legal affairs and information. The 
Ministry of Education (MOE) continued to work with UNICEF and IOM on 
a campaign to boost the enrollment of girls in schools in Ethiopia's 
poorest regions.  The MOE and IOM regularly organize workshops aimed 
at helping girls overcome the hurdles that prevent them from 
attending school (i.e. domestic chores, early marriages).  In 
partnership with MOE, IOM continued to distribute age-appropriate, 
illustrated exercise books depicting counter-trafficking activities 
to secondary school students throughout the country. In 2007 MOLSA 
and UNICEF successfully partnered to produce a National Study on 
Child Trafficking in Ethiopia 2007. 
¶F. Please refer to 8E. 
¶G. The GOE has not taken additional measures during the reporting 
period to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts. 
¶H. N/A 
¶I.  Please refer to 6L 
¶8. (SBU) [QUESTION 32-BEST PRACTICES]: 
--One of the objectives of this cable is to identify replicable best 
practices in the areas of prevention, protection and prosecution of 
trafficking. The Forum for Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE) presents 
such practices. 
--Child Protection Programs: FSCE carried out a series of awareness 
raising activities on the rights of the child to the police force. 
FSCE, in collaboration with the Addis Ababa police commission and 
Save the Children Sweden initiated Child Protection Units (CPUs) in 
five Police Stations in 1996. This was followed by the opening of 
the Coordinating Office in 1997 and the extension of Child 
Protection program which has covered all the Police Stations in 
Addis Ababa since 1999. This program was also replicated in nine 
other towns in collaboration with the respective regional and zonal 
police commissions and departments. 
--Preventive and Support Program for Sexually Abused Children: FSCE 
is also a pioneer organization in the area of sexual abuse and 
exploitation, undertaking Addis Ababa's first initiative to open a 
Drop-in-Center (DIC) for distressed children, later replicating that 
program in Adama/Nazereth, Dire Dawa, Bahir Dar and Dessie. These 
Centers provide information for sexually abused and exploited 
children on STDs, HIV/AIDS and pregnancy. 
--Preventive and Support Program against Child Trafficking: From 
2000 to 2001, FSCE reunified more than 1,000 trafficked and 
otherwise exploited street children with their parents. FSCE has 
collaborated with the administration and owners of Addis Ababa's 
Central Bus Terminal and buses to organize awareness programs on 
child trafficking. This was done during three year period 
(2000-2002) and resulted in the following changes: the staff of the 
Central Bus Terminal now report possible acts of child trafficking 
to the CPUs; many owners of public transport vehicles are freely 
transporting children to reunify them with their families in rural 
regions. 
--Awareness raising through the media: Messages regarding the 
problem of child trafficking are transmitted to both radio and 
television audiences through the National Radio, FM, Radio Fana and 
Ethiopian TV (ETV) stations. Other media outlets include government 
and private news papers that run articles on the problems of 
trafficking. 
YAMAMOTO