VZCZCXRO4318
RR RUEHAG RUEHAST RUEHDA RUEHDBU RUEHDF RUEHFL RUEHIK RUEHKW RUEHLA
RUEHLN RUEHLZ RUEHNP RUEHPOD RUEHROV RUEHSK RUEHSL RUEHSR RUEHVK
RUEHYG
DE RUEHTL #0231/01 2161351
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 041353Z AUG 09
FM AMEMBASSY TALLINN
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 0060
RUEKJCS/SECDEF WASHINGTON DC
INFO EUROPEAN POLITICAL COLLECTIVE
RHMFISS/HQ USEUCOM VAIHINGEN GE
RUEHNO/USMISSION USNATO BRUSSELS BE
RUEHSI/AMEMBASSY TBILISI 0008
RUEHTL/AMEMBASSY TALLINN

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 TALLINN 000231 
 
SENSITIVE 
SIPDIS 
STATE FOR INR CYBER MICHELLE MARKOFF 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: PGOV PTER PREL NATO EN
SUBJECT: ESTONIA?S NATIONAL CYBER DEFENSE AGENDA 
 
REFTEL A: 2007 TALLINN 366 
       B: 2008 TALLINN 428 
 
¶1. (U) SUMMARY: Unprecedented and wide-spread cyber attacks in 
April/May 2007 galvanized Estonia to think strategically about 
the security of its critical IT infrastructure.  Estonia's 
brainstorming has culminated in a new national cyber defense 
policy for 2009-2011, focused on strengthening ties between 
the private sector and government, greater personal computer 
security responsibility among the populace, and the need for 
comprehensive international legislation on cyber security 
within the framework of multi-national organizations. 
President Obama's recent declaration that cyber security was a 
high priority for the U.S. has the Government of Estonia 
looking for areas of increased bilateral cooperation with the 
U.S. in cyber security.  END SUMMARY. 
 
Implementing Cyber Security 
--------------------------- 
 
¶2. (U) Even prior to April 2007, Estonia was "cyber-savvy," 
with a small, highly- educated and IT-focused population well- 
suited for developing high-tech industry and internet 
innovation.  In fact, Estonia's Cooperative Cyber Defense 
Center of Excellence(CCD COE), which was accredited by NATO in 
2008, began building an international reputation in 2003.  The 
April/May 2007 cyber attacks, however, underscored the 
vulnerability of Estonia's government and private sector 
Internet infrastructure to cyber warfare (Ref A). 
 
¶3. (SBU) In the wake of the attacks, the GOE directed the 
Ministry of Defense, in cooperation with the Ministry of 
Education and Research, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry 
of Economic Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of 
Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to 
develop a "Cyber Security Strategy for 2008-2013."  The inter- 
agency committee tasked with developing the Strategy also 
included information security experts from the Estonian 
private sector.  This strategy, intended to safeguard Estonia 
from future attacks and serve as a model for other countries, 
was formally unveiled to the public in May 2008.  However, the 
budget crisis in Estonia delayed implementation for more than 
a year. 
 
¶4. (SBU) In May 2009, the GOE endorsed a plan to implement its 
national cyber security strategy for the period 2009-2011. 
The plan calls for a "graduated" system of security measures, 
development of Estonian expertise in information security, 
development of an appropriate regulatory and legal framework, 
and promotion of international cooperation toward achieving 
global cyber security.  The strategy rests on the premise that 
improved security can only be achieved through international 
cooperation between nations and with the private sector, and 
that national cyber security measures must be made visible to 
encourage international investment. 
 
Enhancing Public-Private Cooperation 
------------------------------------ 
 
¶5. (SBU) In order to achieve the goals outlined in the plan, 
the GOE will establish a "cyber security critical information 
infrastructure security unit" this year under the authority of 
the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications.  Our GOE 
cyber security contacts have told us that the mandate of this 
body will be to liaise with the private sector and oversee 
security measures and information security across the GOE. 
The aim of this cross-cutting mandate will be to  address key 
deficiencies highlighted by the 2007 attacks, such as the 
limited role played by the private sector in national cyber 
defense. 
 
¶6.  (SBU) As one example of how the private sector and the 
government should join forces, two companies (Linx Telecom and 
Elion) provide Estonia's backbone connection to the internet. 
Linx Network Architect Marko Veelma and Country Manager Erki 
Uvra told poloff they have only occasionally consulted with 
Ministry of Defense working groups on cyber defense strategy. 
Instead, they described parallel, rather than integrated, 
approaches to security among the GOE, banks and private ISPs. 
Urva and Veelma noted that during the April 2007 massive 
denial of service (DOS) attacks on banks and government 
websites in Estonia, Linx Telecom itself was barely affected; 
online news services that used their servers for internet 
 
TALLINN 00000231  002 OF 003 
 
 
hosting, for example, were still accessible outside Estonia, 
while banks and GOE websites had to be cut off from the 
internet outside Estonia.  Linx's massive capacity, and 
ability to re-route traffic via neighboring Swedish and 
Finnish networks, means that a massive DOS attack on a 
particular user of their network may register as barely a blip 
to the overall system.  Both the Linx employees and our GOE 
contacts have told us the government will make use of such 
resources as it implements its own cyber security plans. 
 
¶7. (U) The 2009-2011 security strategy calls for increased 
public and private sector cooperation to protect critical 
information infrastructure, coordinate the distribution of 
information on cyber threats, and organize security awareness 
campaigns together with the private sector.  The GOE emphasis 
on this aspect of cyber security is evident in the rhetoric of 
key Estonian public figures.  In a recent key note speech to 
mark the opening of a cyber defense conference in Tallinn, 
Estonian Minister of Defense Jaak Aaviksoo stated that cyber 
security reaches across all fields of cooperation and that a 
successful strategy will depend heavily on civilian sector 
contributions. In addition, during a June 2009 trip to Silicon 
Valley in California to promote Estonian industry, Estonian 
President Toomas Hendrik Ilves stressed that efficient 
international cooperation between the private and public 
sectors is required in order to anticipate cyber threats and 
to eradicate their consequences. 
 
¶8. (U) Another key tool of the GOE strategy is to raise the 
awareness and greater personal computer security 
responsibility of the individual user.  In order to achieve 
this goal, the new strategy foresees the introduction of cyber 
defense and information security tools at all levels of 
education, the establishment of minimum requirements for 
competence in IT security and cyber defense for both public 
and private sector staff and the organization of an 
"appropriate evaluation process." 
 
Developing Niche Capabilities 
---------------------------------- 
 
¶9. (SBU) On the international front, the plan envisions a 
smaller but more defined role for the GOE than in the past. 
According to Heli Tiirmaa-Klaar, cyber security coordinator at 
the Estonian Ministry of Defense, in the immediate aftermath 
of the 2007 attacks Estonia wanted to become a global leader 
in cyber security.  However, over the course of the past two 
years, the complexity of cyber security issues has forced the 
GOE to consider the benefits of identifying a few niche 
capabilities.  In particular, Estonia would like to enhance 
the profile of the CCD COE.  According to Ilmar Tamm, CCD COE 
director, the main goal of the center is to conduct post- 
incident analysis and research to identify root causes, 
motivation and future threats.  Currently, seven NATO member 
states have officially signed on as Sponsoring Nations (the 
U.S., Turkey, and Hungary are in line to join as Sponsors, 
with Finland, Norway, and Sweden to join as Cooperative 
Partners).  The GOE wants to expand membership and the 
manpower available to expand research capabilities. 
 
¶10.  (SBU) The cyber security strategy also outlines the 
importance the GOE places on international cooperation as a 
key element to increasing national cyber security.  Not only 
does the strategy call for further development of the NATO CCD 
COE's profile, but for increased focus on raising awareness of 
cyber security in organizations such as NATO, UN, OSCE, and 
the OECD (which Estonia hopes to join in 2009).  Tiirmaa-Klaar 
pointed to the number of laws for cyber crime on the books in 
EU and NATO member states, such as the Council of Europe and 
EU Conventions on cyber crime, but the comparative dearth of 
such legislation in other countries.  The result of this 
disparity is that there is no legal basis for criminalizing 
cyber attacks in many countries.  This September, the CCD COE 
will host a conference in Tallinn intended to raise awareness 
of the need for increased legislation and make governments 
aware of what binding international agreements and laws can do 
for them. 
 
An Opportunity for Enhanced Cooperation with the U.S. 
--------------------------------------------- 
 
¶11. (SBU) President Obama's elevation of the cyber threat to a 
primary national/international security challenge has the GOE 
 
TALLINN 00000231  003 OF 003 
 
 
considering possibilities for increased Estonia-U.S. bilateral 
cooperation in cyberspace.  Martin Paas, cyber policy advisor 
at the Estonian Ministry of Interior, told us that the GOE 
would be very interested in developing ties between U.S. and 
Estonian cyber security experts dealing with restricted or 
classified networks, an area Paas cites as being 
underdeveloped.  Paas also communicated the GOE's interest in 
working with the U.S. to create a training curriculum for the 
protection of networks.  According to Paas, the rapid 
development of networks and the implementation of different 
technical solutions have created new types of threats and 
challenges which can be tackled in close cooperation with 
partners, both via exchange of experience and creation of 
training programs. 
 
¶12. (SBU) Heli Tiirmaa-Klaar stated that a high priority for 
the GOE is training, education and research in information 
security.  Tiirmaa-Klaar suggested that, within the confines 
of the newly signed but so far un-ratified Science and 
Technology Agreement (ref B), the USG and GOE could pursue 
bilateral training and education cooperation, such as academic 
studies, on-the-job training and expert exchanges. 
 
¶13. (SBU) COMMENT:  Cyber security is a key MSP goal, and a 
big piece of our agenda with the Estonians.  Getting the U.S. 
through the final couple of steps and into the CCD COE as a 
sponsoring nation is a high priority for us, as it will 
increase our influence with Estonia and other cyber-minded 
nations.  We also promote deepened ties between and among 
government agencies and the private sector, and have used the 
Overseas Security Advisory Committee (OSAC) as a vehicle for 
supporting public-private discussions of cyber security. The 
nexus between cyber security and digital piracy is another 
target area where we and Estonia have overlapping interests. 
As Estonia develops its niche capabilities, we anticipate 
being part of the discussion about what makes sense.  The 
prospects are bright: Estonia is viewed by many as a post- 
Soviet success story whose capabilities, influence and advice 
are held in high regard internationally.  Estonia's eagerness 
to identify new areas of bilateral cooperation is an excellent 
opportunity for the U.S. to participate in the development of 
cyber security policy and further enhance an already solid 
bilateral partnership.  END COMMENT. 
DECKER