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UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 12 BRASILIA 001572 
 
SIPDIS 
 
DEPT PASS USAID TO LAC/RSD, LAC/SAM, G/ENV, PPC/ENV 
TREASURY FOR USED IBRD AND IDB AND INTL/MDB 
USDA FOR FOREST SERVICE: LIZ MAHEW 
INTERIOR FOR DIR INT AFFAIRS: K WASHBURN 
INTERIOR FOR FWS: TOM RILEY 
INTERIOR FOR NPS: JONATHAN PUTNAM 
INTERIOR PASS USGS FOR INTERNATIONAL: J WEAVER 
JUSTICE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES: JWEBB 
EPA FOR INTERNATIONAL: CAM HILL-MACON 
USDA FOR ARS/INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH: G FLANLEY 
NSF FOR INTERNATIONAL: HAROLD STOLBERG 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: SENV EAGR EAID TBIO ECON SOCI XR BR
SUBJECT: SOUTH AMERICA ESTH NEWS, NUMBER 115 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  001.2 OF 012 
 
 
¶1.  The following is part of a series of newsletters, published by 
the Brasilia Regional Environmental Hub, covering environment, 
science and technology, and health news in South America.  The 
information below was gathered from news sources from across the 
region, and the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of 
the Hub office or our constituent posts.  Addressees who would like 
to receive a user-friendly email version of this newsletter should 
contact Larissa Stoner at stonerla@state.gov.  The e-mail version 
also contains a calendar of upcoming ESTH events in the region. 
NOTE: THE NEWSLETTER IS NOW ALSO AVAILABLE ON THE BRASILIA INTRANET 
PAGE, BY CLICKING ON THE 'HUB' LINK. 
 
¶2. Table of Contents 
 
Agriculture 
--(3)Argentina: Rice Plantation Plan Goes Against the Grain 
 
Forests 
--(4)Paraguay: Uncontacted Indigenous People Threatened by 
Deforestation 
--(5)Brazil Mob Attacks Environmental Police in Amazon 
 
Wildlife 
--(6)Venezuela: Hunting Pushes Bird to extinction 
 
Protected Areas 
--(7)The Nature Conservancy to Target Argentine Grasslands 
--(8)Petrobras Drops Plans to Drill in Yasuni Park in Ecuador 
 
Science & Technology 
--(9)Brazil Goes High-Tech in Bid to Protect Vulnerable Amazon 
Tribes 
 
Pollution 
--(10)Diesel Vehicle, Fuels Accord Struck In Brazil 
--(11)Argentina: Mandatory Environmental Insurance on Way 
--(12)Peru's New Ministry Unveils Air Standards 
--(13)No Let-Up in Battle over Ecuador's Oilfield Pollution 
 
Climate Change 
--(14)Three U.S. States Partner with Six Other Foreign States to 
combat deforestation 
--(15)Climate-Policy Changes Awaited From Obama 
--(16)Argentina: Cattle Gas Emissions Account for 30% of GHG 
Emissions, Says Study 
 
Energy 
--(17)Brazil to Build 5 New Hydroelectric Plants in the Amazon 
--(18)Chile's Codelco Withdraws Thermoelectric Project 
--(19)Chile Bets on Rapeseed to Produce Biodiesel 
--(20)Huge Coal Plant Approved in Chile's Region VII 
--(21)Brazil Needs to Find Long-Term Solution to Nuclear Waste 
--(22)After Trip To Russia, Chvez Charts Nuclear Course 
 
Infrastructure Development 
--(23)Oil and Gas Projects Proliferate In Western Amazon 
--(24)Controversial Colombian Port Project Is On 
Extractive Industries 
--(25)World's Biggest Coal Mine Is Slated for Northern Colombia 
 
General 
--(26)Decrees Affecting Indigenous Lands Are Overturned In Peru 
--(27)Peru: Free Trade Opens Environmental Window 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  002.2 OF 012 
 
 
--(28)Global Financial Crisis a Bad Sign for Andean Biodiversity 
 
----------- 
Agriculture 
----------- 
 
¶3. Argentina: Rice Plantation Plan Goes Against the Grain 
OCT. 2008 - A private consortium's plans to build a dam in 
Argentina's Corrientes Province and flood 20,000 acres (8,000 
hectares) as part of a huge commercial rice-farming project have 
stirred growing opposition.  Critics fear the project will 
contribute to an expansion of intensive, chemical-based agriculture 
in Corrientes that eventually could encroach upon the Ibera Natural 
Reserve, a spectacular 5,000-square-mile (13,000-sq-km) network of 
wetlands that accounts for 15% of Corrientes Province's land area. 
The reserve, a portion of which is included on the Ramsar List of 
Wetlands of International Importance, lies 30 miles (50 kms) 
upstream of the dam site.  Fueling more immediate concern are the 
project's expected local impacts, which would include inundation of 
an area prized for its grassland, forest and native fauna. Such 
criticism appears to have struck a chord with some in the national 
government. Responding this month to a letter of concern from 
members of the lower house of the National Congress, Argentine 
Environment Minister Romina Picolotti wrote that she has called on 
[Corrientes Governor, Arturo] Colombi to discuss the matter with 
Corrientes environmental officials. Picolotti stated: "This 
secretariat looks with serious concern at the realization of this 
type of mega-project, which is likely to generate deep negative 
impacts on [ecosystems] of incalculable value." 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
------- 
Forests 
------- 
 
¶4. Paraguay: Uncontacted Indigenous People Threatened by 
Deforestation 
NOV. 27, 2008- Large swathes of native forest have been turned into 
pasture land in the northern part of Paraguay's semi-arid Chaco 
region, as large Brazilian cattle ranchers expand their property in 
the country.  The ranchers and landowning companies are encroaching 
on the territory of the Ayoreo-Totobiegosode Indians, and the 
destruction of forests is threatening the natural and cultural 
heritage of the nomadic indigenous group, some of whom still live in 
voluntary isolation in the forest. "Our situation is very worrisome, 
because we still have relatives who do not want to be in contact 
with white society," Porai Picanerai, a leader of the Payipie 
Ichadie Totobiegosode Organization (OPIT -- New Totobiegosode 
Thinking), told IPS.  The Totobiegosode form part of the larger 
Ayoreo ethnic group.  In early November, there were reports that 
some uncontacted members of the group had been seen in a deforested 
area that belongs to Brazilian landowners, on the edge of the 
indigenous group's protected territory.  Until December 1986, 
Picanerai was living in the bush in the northern department 
(province) of Alto Paraguay, which is part of the Chaco region -- a 
vast area of dense, scrubby forest that covers western Paraguay and 
parts of Bolivia and Argentina. 
Source - IPS News 
 
¶5. Brazil Mob Attacks Environmental Police in Amazon 
NOV. 25, 2008 - A mob of about 3,000 people enraged by a crackdown 
on illegal logging trashed a government office in a remote jungle 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  003.2 OF 012 
 
 
city of Brazil and tried to attack environmental workers, according 
to press reports.  Environment Minister Carlos Minc sent federal 
police to the northeastern town of Paragominas following the riot, 
which was prompted by the seizure of 400 cubic meters (14,124 cubic 
feet) of wood believed to have been cut inside an Indian 
reservation.  Many residents of the Amazon deeply resent - and 
sometimes attack - environmental officials who try to block logging 
that provides income for rich and poor alike.  Paragominas is about 
150 kilometers (90 miles) from the small city of Tailandia, where a 
mob of 2,000 rioted over wood seizures in February, forcing 
environmental authorities to leave the city for days.  Minc said the 
new riot would not stop efforts to control illegal logging: "To the 
contrary, we're going to intensify operations and we'll punish those 
who are responsible". 
Source - Miami Herald 
 
-------- 
Wildlife 
-------- 
 
¶6. Venezuela: Hunting Pushes Bird to extinction 
NOV. 24, 2008.- The scarlet finch, also known as the red siskin 
(Carduelis cucullata), a small bird native to northern Venezuela, is 
on the verge of disappearing and is rarely seen in the wild because 
poachers capture these birds to cross them with canaries in order to 
produce red offspring. The hybrid "is red like the finch and sings 
like a canary, which is why hunters capture the few that are left in 
order to sell them to people who raise canaries. It is an illegal 
but very profitable practice," researcher Jon Paul Rodriguez, 
co-author of the Red Book of Venezuelan Fauna, told Tierramerica. Of 
the 3,625 species evaluated in that book, 202 are threatened with 
extinction due to loss of habitat, hunting, pollution, changes in 
population dynamic, invasive species, human activities or natural 
disasters. 
Source - Tierramerica 
 
--------------- 
Protected Areas 
--------------- 
 
¶7. The Nature Conservancy to Target Argentine Grasslands 
NOV. 2008 - The Nature Conservancy's new Argentina office was opened 
in the southern Andean tourism city of Bariloche. The group plans to 
work with ranchers and research institutions to promote sustainable 
livestock operations in the region. The Nature Conservancy also aims 
to push for the creation of new protected areas on public and 
private lands.  Temperate grasslands, which harbor biodiversity, 
store carbon and help stave off desertification. Such grasslands 
have come under pressure in Argentina for reasons ranging from the 
spread of monoculture farming to unsustainable ranching.  Though 
Uruguay and Brazil possess significant amounts of temperate 
grassland, Argentina has the greatest expanse of the habitat, which 
The Nature Conservancy describes as among the least protected in the 
world (less than 2.9% of the 395 million acres are protected). 
Source - EcoAmericas 
 
¶8. Petrobras Drops Plans to Drill in Yasuni Park in Ecuador 
OCT. 2008 - The state-owned Brazilian oil company Petrobras is 
giving up a drilling concession area that had become highly 
controversial because nearly three-quarters of it is located in a 
prized national park in the Ecuadorian Amazon.  The action, however, 
owes as much to economics as environmental opposition, analysts say, 
leaving open the possibility that oil exploration might still be 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  004.2 OF 012 
 
 
carried out elsewhere  within the 497,917-acre (201,500-ha) 
concession area. Under an agreement negotiated with the Ecuadorian 
government last month, Petrobras is relinquishing its rights to the 
area, called Bloc 31, all but 28% of which lies within the borders 
of Yasuni National Park. Petrobras acquired the concession from the 
Argentine company Perez Companc in 2002, which ostensibly gave it a 
22-year period in which to carry out oil exploration and production 
in Bloc 31. Environmental advocates applaud the company's 
about-face, though they emphasize that the government of President 
Rafael Correa must now ensure the land remains protected. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
-------------------- 
Science & Technology 
-------------------- 
 
¶9. Brazil Goes High-Tech in Bid to Protect Vulnerable Amazon Tribes 
DEC. 02, 2008 - The Brazilian government's National Indian 
Foundation (Funai) recently said it would conduct flyovers in 
Amazonia, where it suspects Indians might be in danger from 
encroaching farmers, loggers and miners.  Military planes flying at 
high altitude will use radar, satellite, and infrared technology 
that can identify humans and their communities through their body 
heat, Funai and military officials said.  If pilot programs 
scheduled for next year are successful, the high-tech equipment 
could prove an indispensable weapon in protecting vulnerable tribes. 
"This is one of the tools to help us find and confirm the existence 
of isolated Indians," says Antenor Vaz, coordinator of the isolated 
Indians division at Funai and an experienced Amazonian explorer. "It 
will let us know where they are and what kind of environment they 
are in. We can determine if they are in danger; if there are 
ranchers or miners close to them."  The heat-sensitive technology 
will be used on three planes that can fly at altitudes up to 36,000 
feet, says Wougran Galvao, the product director at Sipam, the 
government's Amazonian monitoring agency. Such technology has 
already been used successfully in conjunction with satellite and 
radar imagery. But the upcoming tests will mark the first time it 
has been tapped to find humans. 
Source - Yahoo 
 
--------- 
Pollution 
--------- 
 
¶10. Diesel Vehicle, Fuels Accord Struck In Brazil 
NOV. 2008 - After intense legal infighting, Brazil has unveiled a 
schedule for cutting sulfur concentrations in diesel fuels and 
introducing lower-emission diesel buses and trucks. 
Environmentalists complain that the complex, six-year phase-in of 
lower-sulfur fuels is too gradual, unduly compromising air quality 
and public health. But officials who negotiated the deal with the 
state oil company Petrobras, vehicle manufacturers, and other 
stakeholders stand by the accord. "With the agreement in place, 
pollution levels will drop, especially in metropolitan areas, even 
if not as quickly as we and others would have liked," says Sco Paulo 
federal prosecutor Ana Cristina Bandeira Lins. "Given the situation, 
we got the best deal we could."  Under the deal, Petrobras will 
lower the sulfur content in the two diesel fuels sold in 
Brazil-S-2000, in which sulfur measures 2,000 parts per million 
(ppm), and S-500, in which sulfur levels are 500 ppm. S-500, which 
accounts for 25% of diesel sold, is available in Brazil's 14 biggest 
cities, where air pollution is worst. S-2000 is available in 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  005.2 OF 012 
 
 
virtually all other areas of Brazil, accounting for 75% of diesel 
sold.   Diesel is only used by trucks and buses in Brazil; by law, 
ethanol and gasoline are the only fuels allowed for passenger cars. 
Due to distribution bottlenecks cited by Petrobras, the sulfur-fuels 
agreement only applies to buses in the case of existing 
vehicles-except in three northern cities, where it also covers 
existing trucks.  NOTE FROM HUB: Santiago current standards are 
50ppm; target is to reach 10ppm by 2012 in Santiago and 50ppm in the 
countryside.  FYI - US current standard is 15ppm. END NOTE. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
 
¶11. Argentina: Mandatory Environmental Insurance on Way 
NOV. 2008 - Argentina is preparing to require that companies 
involved in pollution-prone activities take out insurance to cover 
potential environmental restoration costs-the first time a country 
has made such coverage mandatory, Argentine authorities say. 
Legislation establishing the requirement was approved by the 
Argentine Congress in 2002, but never took effect. However, 
Argentine officials say implementation is near as a result of 
factors including the Argentine Supreme Court debate on the issue 
rule-making by the Environment Secretariat, and the emergence of 
environmental insurance in the private market.  "Though 
environmental insurance is very well developed in Europe and the 
United States and, within Latin America, in Chile..., nowhere has it 
been mandatory," says Mariana Valls, head of the environmental 
regulations division of Argentina's Environment Secretariat. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶12. Peru's New Ministry Unveils Air Standards 
OCT. 2008 - In one of its first major initiatives, Peru's newly 
created Environment Ministry has launched an effort to improve air 
quality in the country's major cities by drafting new standards for 
airborne concentrations of sulfur dioxide, particulates, benzene, 
hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide.  Ministry officials say the new 
standards would require upgrading vehicles, lowering the sulfur 
content of diesel fuel and making industries more efficient. The new 
standards, which generally follow World Health Organization 
guidelines, will tighten allowable levels of some pollutants in two 
phases.  The maximum allowable average of sulfur dioxide in a 
24-hour period will be lowered from the current level of 365 
micrograms per cubic meter of air to 80 micrograms as of Jan. 1, 
2009, and to 20 micrograms as of Jan. 1, 2014. The 24-hour maximum 
for fine particulates (PM2.5) will have to drop from the current 65 
micrograms per cubic meter of air to 50 micrograms by Jan. 1, 2010, 
and 25 micrograms by Jan. 1. 2014. But some experts worry the 
measures may set the bar too high too quickly. Peru's deadline for 
lowering sulfur levels in its two classes of diesel fuel from 3,000 
parts per million (ppm) and 5,000 ppm, respectively, to 50 ppm was 
pushed back to the end of 2009. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶13. No Let-Up in Battle over Ecuador's Oilfield Pollution 
OCT. 2008 - Long-running litigation pitting rainforest Indians 
against Chevron might run a whole lot longer-at least three more 
years if the eventual ruling is appealed, say attorneys from the two 
sides involved in the case.  That's not entirely surprising. With 
potential liability recently estimated at US$16 billion and with 
copious technical evidence filed, the courtroom fight over 
oil-industry impacts on the Ecuadorian Amazon from 1972 to 1992 has 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  006.2 OF 012 
 
 
reached a scale and intensity never before experienced by this 
country's justice system.  In the latest clash, attorneys from both 
sides filed their respective critiques of a court-appointed 
investigator's report that pegged health and environmental costs of 
the contamination at US$8.02 billion. The report, by investigator 
Richard Cabrera, also alleged that the oil operations at issue 
generated "unfair earnings" of US$8.31 billion for Texpet, a Texaco 
subsidiary and the operating partner of the two-company consortium 
that did the drilling. Chevron is the defendant by virtue of its 
acquisition of Texaco in 2001. The critiques of Cabrera's report 
were filed in Superior Court in the Amazon town of Nueva Loja, where 
the case is being heard, but other fronts in the oil-pollution 
battle have been active as well. In New York, a federal appeals 
court on Oct. 7 blocked an effort by Chevron to shift liability for 
the environmental damage at issue in the case onto the Ecuadorian 
government. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article). 
 
-------------- 
Climate Change 
-------------- 
 
¶14. Three U.S. States Partner with Six Other Foreign States to 
combat deforestation 
NOV. 19, 2008 - Governors from the U.S. states of California, 
Wisconsin and Illinois signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 
with six governors from Brazil and Indonesia on November 18 to 
reduce forestry-related greenhouse gas emissions.  The MOU was 
signed at the two-day Governors' Global Climate Summit in Los 
Angeles.  "With this agreement, we are focusing our collective 
efforts on the problem and requiring our states to jointly develop 
rules, incentives and tools to ensure reduced emission from 
deforestation and land degradation. We are also sending a strong 
message that this issue should be front and center during 
negotiations for the next global agreement on climate change," said 
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.  The agreement commits 
California, Illinois and Wisconsin to work with the governors of six 
states and provinces in Brazil and Indonesia to help slow and stop 
tropical deforestation, the cutting and burning of trees to convert 
land to grow crops and raise livestock, and land degradation through 
joint projects and incentive programs. Under the agreement, the 
signatories will develop a joint action plan by early 2009. 
Source - English People 
 
¶15. Climate-Policy Changes Awaited From Obama 
NOV. 2008 - Barack Obama's election as president of the United 
States has sparked optimism that U.S. climate policy will change 
dramatically, engaging the world and making developing regions such 
as Latin America part of the solution.   Obama has called for a cap 
and trade system to reduce emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 
¶2050. He also has pledged that the United States will "re-engage" in 
international climate negotiations, stipulating that those talks 
must also include high-emission developing countries, such as China 
and Brazil.  He "sees this as an opportunity to rebuild American 
credibility in the international sphere, but also sees that 
approaching global warming requires solutions, and engaging more 
constructively in that process helps deliver a much better 
solution," says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director 
for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a leading U.S. 
green group based in Washington, D.C.   Even some of the CDM's 
boosters see flaws in the process. Among them is Mary Gomez, 
director of the Latin America carbon program for the Andean 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  007.2 OF 012 
 
 
Development Corporation, a development agency linked to the Andean 
Community, which has about 30 projects at various stages in the CDM 
pipeline. Gomez says the system is hampered by the sluggishness of 
an approval process that can take up to two years. If measures are 
not taken to expedite approval, she says, "the system will 
collapse." 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶16. Argentina: Gas Emitted by Cattle Account for 30% of GHG 
Emissions, Says Study 
OCT. 2008 - Just how prominently cattle figure in the climate-change 
picture has become the subject of intensive study in Argentina, home 
to some 55 million cattle.  Argentina's National Institute of 
Agricultural Technology (Inta) recently rigged cows with tubes 
leading from a surgical incision in their stomachs to a tank 
strapped to their backs in order to estimate with some precision how 
much greenhouse gas the animals produce.  The device measures gas 
that normally is emitted through burps as the cows, which in 
Argentina are typically range-fed, digest grass. Inta researchers 
themselves were astonished to find that on a daily basis, a 550-kilo 
cow produced from 800 to 1,000 liters of gas, approximately 30% of 
which was methane.  Extrapolating, the scientists calculate that 
cattle are responsible for 30% of Argentina's greenhouse-gas output, 
according to Inta's Guillermo Berra, a veterinarian by profession 
who for a decade has been responsible for assessing the greenhouse 
emissions of Argentina's agricultural sector.  Berra estimates that 
the country's farm sector overall accounts for roughly half of 
Argentina's total greenhouse emissions. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
------ 
Energy 
------ 
 
¶17. Brazil to Build 5 New Hydroelectric Plants in the Amazon 
NOV. 20, 2008 - The president of Brazilian electric energy company 
Eletrobras, Jose Antonio Muniz, announced in Rio de Janeiro on 
November 19, at the 22nd Brazilian Energy Congress, that the holding 
company is looking to build five new hydroelectric plants in the 
Tapajos River, which crosses the northern states of Amazonas and 
Para.  The enterprises will have a total production capacity of 
10,680 megawatts (MW) of energy, and the projects should be tendered 
by mid-2010.  According to Eletrobras, construction of the units is 
part of a sustainable energy project, and will be integrated with 
the northern Brazilian communities.  To further connect Brazil's 
north region, Eletrobras is also contemplating the installation of 
transmission lines by means of the so-called "Linhao" (Big Line), to 
the National Interconnected System (SIN).   Muniz explained that the 
goal of Eletrobras is to build the new units under the concept known 
as "platform-plant" - a model proposed by the Brazilian minister of 
Environment, Carlos Minc.  The concept means the plant will be 
installed without the traditional infrastructure, such as roads and 
construction sites with barracks, which attract a large number of 
people to the area surrounding the site.  Source - Brazzilmag 
 
¶18. Chile's Codelco Withdraws Thermoelectric Project 
NOV. 19, 2008 - Just hours before the Chilean Regional Environmental 
Commission (COREMA) convened to review Codelco's Farellones 
thermoelectric project set for northern Chile's Coquimbo region, the 
state-owned copper company decided to withdraw the project from 
consideration.  The project director, Rodrigo Jorquera, claims the 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  008.2 OF 012 
 
 
withdrawal would give more time to study the project and its 
impacts. But others speculated Codelco acted strategically. If 
COREMA had rejected the plan, due mainly to toxic emissions in the 
area, the project would not have another chance to pass 
environmental reviews, and Codelco would have lost millions of 
dollars.  Codelco has been facing other problems lately due to the 
falling price of copper, which constitutes the majority of the 
company business. These economic setbacks may also have played a 
part in the company's decision, say economists. 
Source - Santiago Times (no link) 
 
¶19. Chile Bets on Rapeseed to Produce Biodiesel 
NOV. 13, 2008 - The Chemical and Mechanical Engineering Department 
of Chile's Universidad de la Frontera (UFRO), along with agriculture 
company Molino Gorbea and oil company COPEC, are suggesting the use 
of rapeseed - an oleaginous plant that is produced in southern 
Chile's Bio Bio and Los Lagos Regions - as a base for Chilean 
biodiesel production.  Robinson Betancourt, UFRO academic and 
director of the biodiesel project, explained that the objective of 
producing rapeseed-based biodiesel is to provide an additional fuel 
supply in response to national demand. "The objective is to supply 
Chile with 5 percent of various types of biofuels in regards to 
total fuel consumption," he said. The scientists from the UFRO are 
already producing 200 liters of biodiesel per day in one of Molino 
Gorbea's plants - with the aid of a government grant - and are 
working on improving the quality of the product to meet national and 
European criteria. The objective is to market the product in the 
coming two years. 
Source - Santiago Times (no link) 
 
¶20. Huge Coal Plant Approved in Chile's Region VII 
NOV. 04, 2008 - Despite vocal opposition by area residents, Chilean 
environmental authorities have decided to approve plans by 
U.S.-owned energy company AES Gener to construct a huge coal-burning 
electricity plant along the coast in Region VII between Constitucion 
and Chanco.  The so-called Los Robles project is expected to cost 
AES Gener approximately US$1.3 billion. Once in operation, the plant 
will add some 750 mega-watts to Chile's central grid, making it one 
of the largest electricity facilities in the country.  An opposition 
group, which collected more than 10,000 signatures against the Los 
Robles plant, insists the project will hurt the region's budding 
tourism industry, harm the local agriculture and fishing industries 
and jeopardize the health of area residents. 
Source - Santiago Times (no link) 
 
¶21. Brazil Needs to Find Long-Term Solution to Nuclear Waste 
OCT. 2008 - Ever since Brazil's National Energy Policy Council in 
June 2007 endorsed plans for Angra 3, the country's third nuclear 
plant, the project has seemed a forgone conclusion.  Officials view 
the 1,400-megawatt, R$7.2 billion (US$4.5 billion) reactor as a 
means of avoiding future energy shortages. They also feel Angra 3 
will help maintain diversification in a power grid dominated by 
hydroelectricity. If the plant starts up as planned in 2014, nuclear 
power will continue to account for 2% of the energy Brazil produces 
as new hydropower facilities come on line. Given the official 
support, it came as no surprise last month when Angra 3 cleared its 
last big bureaucratic hurdle by receiving a preliminary license from 
IBAMA, the Environment Ministry's permitting arm. The project still 
must obtain a construction license and, ultimately, an operating 
license from IBAMA. These are usually pro-forma permits, linked to 
certain government conditions.  One requirement in this case, 
however, could constitute a roadblock for the project unless the 
government removes it. Under the requirement, imposed by the 
 
BRASILIA 00001572  009.2 OF 012 
 
 
Environment Ministry, the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), 
Brazil's nuclear regulatory agency, must present IBAMA with a plan 
for the long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste before 
Angra 3 is put into service. Currently, spent fuel rods from the two 
reactors are stored in indoor, on-site pools. Eletronuclear, the 
state company that runs Angra 1 and Angra 2 and will build and 
operate Angra 3, argues the high-level-waste requirement is neither 
feasible nor necessary now. It points out that not even nations with 
the largest nuclear-power programs have developed permanent disposal 
sites for high-level waste. 
 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶22. After Trip To Russia, Chvez Charts Nuclear Course 
OCT. 2008 - Following a two-day visit to Russia to sign energy 
agreements, Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez said his country is 
ready to develop nuclear power-a prospect that troubles military and 
environmental experts.  Speaking at a political rally in Caracas on 
Sept. 28, Chvez said Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin had 
offered to help Venezuela build a nuclear reactor.  "We certainly 
are interested in developing nuclear energy, for peaceful ends of 
course-for medical purposes and to generate electricity," Chvez 
said. "Brazil has various nuclear reactors, as does Argentina. We 
will have ours as well."  Venezuela has sought assistance in 
developing nuclear energy technology from both Iran and Argentina in 
the past in an effort to show it is a "green country" that is 
serious about replacing greenhouse-gas-producing fossil fuels. The 
announcement that it would delve into nuclear technology with 
Russian assistance raises hackles among some experts who say the 
move will worsen U.S.-Venezuelan relations and pose new risks of 
nuclear proliferation. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
-------------------------- 
Infrastructure Development 
-------------------------- 
 
¶23. Oil and Gas Projects Proliferate In Western Amazon 
NOV. 2008 - Dozens of new oil and gas concessions have cropped up in 
recent years in the Amazon's most biodiverse and pristine regions, 
propelled by strong world oil prices and the discovery of large oil 
and gas reserves.  A recent study shows state and multinational 
companies now hold more than 180 oil and gas blocks covering 680,000 
square kilometers (170 million acres) in the western Amazon.  The 
new concessions, most of them granted since 2004 in Bolivia, 
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Brazil, could threaten hundreds 
of species of birds, primates and amphibians as well as numerous 
isolated Indian tribes, according to a study by Duke University and 
the U.S.-based non-governmental groups Save America's Forests and 
Land is Life. Many of the concessions overlap with national parks 
and existing or proposed Indian reserves, the study says.  The 
study, entitled "Oil and Gas Projects in the Western Amazon: Threats 
to Wilderness, Biodiversity, and Indigenous Peoples," was published 
Aug. 13 in the online scientific journal Plos One. It warns of 
devastating impacts if the hydrocarbon projects are not 
environmentally well-managed and Indian rights not respected.  The 
western Amazon is one of the most species-rich regions in the world 
in amphibians, birds and animals, and has nearly as many tree 
species per hectare (up to 600) as the entire United States. It also 
is home to over a dozen Indian tribes that live in what is known as 
"voluntary isolation." 
 
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Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶24. Controversial Colombian Port Project Is On 
NOV. 2008 - For nearly 10 years, Indians and environmental activists 
have sought to stop construction of a multi-purpose port on the 
ecologically rich and fragile coast of Dibulla, an impoverished 
Colombian municipality on the Caribbean. They have sent hundreds of 
protestors to the project site, petitioned environmental authorities 
and filed suit.  But despite those efforts and a two-year suspension 
of the project ordered by environmental authorities, construction of 
the US$13 million Brisa Multipurpose Port resumed in late September 
in Dibulla, which lies at the foot of the Sierra Nevada de Santa 
Marta, the world's highest coastal range.  The Brisa Port is being 
carved out of an area of dry forest interspersed with numerous 
wetlands and mangrove swamps that harbor migratory birds and species 
including the vulnerable American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and 
the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). 
 Executives at Brisa, the private company which began building the 
port in 2006, argue that the facility-combined with an accompanying 
steel and iron complex, cement factory and duty-free zone-will 
generate 3,500 direct jobs and 15,000 indirect ones in construction 
and operation.  They also say the deepwater harbor where the port is 
being built will allow Brisa to manage exports of nearly four 
million tons annually of limestone, coal and other raw materials, 
and permit a massive ramping up of production in Colombia's steel 
and iron industry.  Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa 
Stoner for complete article) 
 
--------------------- 
Extractive Industries 
--------------------- 
 
¶25. World's Biggest Coal Mine Is Slated for Northern Colombia 
NOV. 2008 - Drummond Coal will soon begin construction of a new 
100,000-acre (40,000-ha) coal mine in northeastern Colombia which 
company officials say will be the biggest open-pit mine in the 
world.  The new US$1.5 billion El Descanso Norte mine is expected to 
boost Drummond's annual exports of mined thermal coal from an 
average of 70 million tons to 100 million tons, increasing 
Colombia's gross domestic product by as much as 4%.  That would 
propel Colombia to the third among world coal exporters, ahead of 
Russia and behind Australia and Indonesia.   While the huge mine 
would generate substantial revenues from the more than 1 billion 
tons in estimated coal reserves, some environmental groups have 
expressed concern about airborne coal dust causing water- and 
air-pollution, including in the immense Zapatosa Marsh, which is fed 
in part by area rivers and is home to egrets, manatees and myriad 
fish species in the departments of Cesar and Magdalena.   In 
response to these concerns and those of residents worried that 
engineering work will divert several area rivers and lower the water 
table, the Colombian government negotiated with Drummond over two 
years one of the most robust and carefully crafted environmental 
permits in Colombian history.  Colombian environmental officials 
consider it a benchmark permit in terms of environmental protection 
and conditionality. 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
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General 
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¶26. Decrees Affecting Indigenous Lands Are Overturned In Peru 
OCT. 2008 - Following protests by indigenous groups in the Peruvian 
Amazon, Congress has handed President Alan Garca a rare defeat, 
overturning two executive decree laws in a vote that some 
environmentalists say could prompt future challenges to presidential 
decrees.  By a 66-29 vote with no abstentions, Congress has repealed 
decrees 1015 and 1073, which reduced the voting support needed for 
native communities in the tropical lowlands and campesino 
communities in the highlands to make decisions about land use, 
including sales or leases.  Community leaders protested that they 
had not been consulted about the measures, which lowered the 
required majority from two-thirds to a 50% plus one. According to 
Ernesto Raez-Luna, director of science and development for the 
Center for Environmental Sustainability at Lima's Cayetano Heredia 
University, the Aug. 22 vote demonstrated both the new-found power 
of the Inter-Ethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian 
Amazon (Aidesep), the national indigenous organization, and is also 
indicative of a previously unseen willingness by Congress to stand 
up to Garca.  That could signal new alliances among 
environmentalists, indigenous groups and some members of Congress in 
efforts to overturn other laws in the package of more than 100 
decrees designed by the executive branch to bring Peru into line 
with the provisions of the Peruvian-U.S. free trade agreement, 
Raez-Luna says.  (Does this overturning then threaten the US Free 
Trade agreement then? 
Source - EcoAmericas (please contact Larissa Stoner for complete 
article) 
 
¶27. Peru: Free Trade Opens Environmental Window 
NOV. 01, 2008 - Legislative decree 1090, which modifies Peru's 
forest policy, is worrying U.S. trade authorities because it 
contravenes environmental clauses of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) 
that is scheduled to enter force between the two countries in 
January 2009.  The decree, which in June amended the Forestry and 
Wildlife Act of Peru, leaves 45 million hectares -- or 60 percent of 
Peru's jungles -- out of the Forestry Heritage protection system -- 
a step that runs counter to the FTA forestry annex. That was one of 
the 10 observations made by the Office of the U.S Trade 
Representative, Susan Schwab, in a meeting with delegates of the 
Peruvian government in October in Washington, according to Sandro 
Chvez, president of the non-governmental Ecological Forum (Foro 
Ecologico). It was a point of concern particularly for U.S. 
authorities, Chvez told Tierramerica, as was the elimination of the 
National Forestry Commission, which ensured citizen participation in 
forest management and was stipulated in the unmodified version of 
the law.  At the meeting, the U.S. delegates stated that in order to 
implement the (FTA) Free Trade Agreement, a public consultation 
mechanism for forest issues was essential, he said. Decree 1090 is 
one of the 99 adopted by the executive branch under special 
legislative powers granted it by Congress for the implementation of 
the FTA. 
Source - IPS News 
 
¶28. Global Financial Crisis a Bad Sign for Andean Biodiversity 
OCT. 16, 2008 - The crisis affecting the financial sector and stock 
markets around the world could fuel the expansion of extractive 
industries (primarily fossil fuels) in South America's Andean 
region, warn experts.  Investors from the industrialized world may 
feel pressure to seek alternative means for financial liquidity, 
forced by divestment from stocks in recent weeks, Stewart Maginnis, 
director of forest conservation for the World Conservation Union 
(IUCN), told Tierramerica.   Debate on the environmental 
repercussions of the financial crisis overtook much of the World 
 
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Conservation Congress held by the IUCN Oct. 5-14 in Barcelona, 
Spain, which drew some 8,000 experts.  But the uncertainty is such 
that others predict reduced pressure on natural resources as a 
result of the economic crisis.  Maginnis pointed to the current high 
prices of fuels, noting that investment in the expansion of oil and 
gas company activities now is attractive -- and constitutes a threat 
to protection efforts in areas like the Amazon jungle region in 
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.  Source - 
Tierramerica 
 
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