VZCZCXRO0555
PP RUEHGI RUEHMA RUEHROV
DE RUEHKH #1084/01 2000812
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 180812Z JUL 08
FM AMEMBASSY KHARTOUM
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 1373
INFO RUCNFUR/DARFUR COLLECTIVE
RUCNDT/USMISSION USUN NEW YORK 0269
RHMFISS/CJTF HOA

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 KHARTOUM 001084 
 
SIPDIS 
 
DEPT FOR AF/SPG, S/CRS, SE WILLIAMSON 
DEPT PLS PASS USAID FOR AFR/SUDAN 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: PGOV PREL PREF PHUM KPKO SOCI UNSC SU
SUBJECT: CORRECTED COPY - SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRENDS IN NORTH DARFUR 
 
¶1. (U) SUMMARY. The growth of the international community in and 
around El Fasher over the past several years has had many 
socio-economic consequences, both intended and unintended.  In 
general, the international presence has been both a blessing and a 
curse: there are more jobs, but filling them created a "brain 
drain;" there are more students in school, but the quality of their 
education is declining; landlords are making a killing in housing, 
but local tenants are being squeezed; there are more doctors and 
clinics, but also more concerns about diseases; there are more 
social functions taking place, but fewer people can afford to 
attend.  While all of these consequences are to be expected in a 
conflict environment where the UN and NGOs are present, the 
international community should begin working to ensure that future 
economic development plans include careful consideration of local 
participation and sustainability. END SUMMARY. 
 
-------------------------------------------- 
Economic Opportunities Cause "Brain Drain" 
-------------------------------------------- 
 
¶2. (U) While it was impossible to dispute that UNAMID and the 
international community created jobs for Darfuris, the Dean of the 
Faculty of Education at El Fasher University argued that the 
international presence had been a "disaster" for low income 
residents of El Fasher.  He acknowledged that many uneducated people 
were now able to find work as cleaners, guards and drivers, and that 
salaries from these relatively low paying jobs had helped to raise 
the standards of living for some of the urban poor.  However, the 
Dean claimed that large numbers of educated professionals, 
especially teachers, had left their low paying jobs to work for the 
internationals, which paid salaries up to ten times higher.  As 
such, there were fewer teachers, doctors, engineers working for the 
residents of the city, and local expertise had been diverted to 
projects in the IDP camps.  The effects of this "brain drain" were 
most profound on the educational sector, he said, where the loss of 
teachers has had profound repercussions on the quality of 
education. 
 
--------------------------------------------- ------- 
More Students in School, Quality of Education Declines 
--------------------------------------------- ------- 
 
¶3. (U) A representative from Save the Children Sweden noted that 
enrollment in Darfur schools had dramatically increased - almost 
200%, he claimed - over the past two years, due to the security and 
stability provided by the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and 
UNAMID missions.  While the higher number of students may have meant 
that fewer children were being sucked into the rebel movements and 
other side effects of the conflict, it also meant that class sizes 
were necessarily larger due to the critical shortage of qualified 
teachers.  He noted that the effects of these developments could be 
seen in the severe decrease in the number of students who passed the 
primary school exam last year.  "More students are going to school, 
but they are just not learning as much as they used to," he sighed. 
 
----------------------------------------- 
Soaring Prices Hit Cash-Strapped Locals 
----------------------------------------- 
 
¶4. (U) The Dean reported that the University of El Fasher had 
conducted a study in El Fasher, based on a sample of basic staples, 
which showed an almost 700% increase in prices over the past three 
years.  During that time, however, local salaries remained stagnant 
or even decreased.  He noted that the sector with the highest 
increase was housing, with rent skyrocketing due to the influx of 
international staff willing to pay prices one would expect to see in 
large, Western cities (Note: The rent on the Embassy office's 
modest, 3-4 bedroom home is almost $2500 per month. End Note). 
Homeowners in Darfur have capitalized on the situation, renting out 
rooms in their homes to Sudanese national staff for extra income, 
the Dean explained.  However, for those who do not own property, 
making ends meet has become increasingly difficult and many have 
been forced to move into less desirable neighborhoods, or to double 
up with family members. 
 
¶5. (U) In addition to housing, the prices of consumable goods - from 
furniture to groceries - have soared as well.  The Dean claimed that 
while this was partly due to the global increase in fuel prices, it 
was also a result of the increased risks to convoys traveling from 
Khartoum to El Fasher.  Fewer goods were making their way into El 
Fasher markets, which have also been hit by higher rents, and 
merchants were passing on their increased expenses by raising 
prices.  "The merchants here are not from Darfur; most are from 
Khartoum or even Cairo.  They don't have family here to feel the 
pain of higher prices, and since they won't stay in Darfur anyway, 
they don't re-invest profits in the community here," the Dean stated 
flatly.  A local Egyptian merchant with a popular shop near the 
central market agreed, noting that he had recently purchased a house 
 
KHARTOUM 00001084  002 OF 003 
 
 
in Alexandria, Egypt.  He said that Darfuri communities had 
historically been cash-poor, preferring to trade in livestock or 
other currency.  Opening a shop required cash outlays for stock, 
supplies and other expenses up front, before any profit had been 
made.  The Egyptian claimed that the lack of funds was the reason 
there were so few Darfuri owned businesses, and also one reason the 
local community was more sensitive to price increases. 
 
¶6. (U) Some cash-strapped locals had turned to a lottery system in 
order to raise money for larger purchases.  A group of friends or 
colleagues would agree to pay a portion of their salaries every 
month to a common "pool," and every month one of them would get the 
combined money.  Local Embassy office FSN staff reported that such a 
system was used in the past only by higher level officials, who 
considered the payout "play money."  However, price increases had 
prompted groups of friends from all sectors to embrace the practice. 
 Embassy office FSNs reported that they contribute 100 pounds per 
month to an office lottery.  One used his pay out for wedding 
expenses, another was planning to buy a new car for his family in 
Khartoum.  "I could take out a loan to buy the car, but then I would 
have to open a bank account, deposit money which I don't have, and 
sign lots of papers.  The lottery is much easier, and I don't have 
to worry about paying anything back," one local staffer said. 
 
------------------------------- 
Health Concerns Over HIV, FGM 
------------------------------- 
 
¶7. (U) The North Darfur Minister of Health boasted that he had 
persuaded the government to dedicate more resources to North Darfur, 
in light of population increases and dire need.  As a result, there 
were now more doctors than ever in North Darfur, as well as 48 
specialists and 12 ambulances.  The Minister said that the 
international community had helped raise awareness of disease 
prevention and testing, but said that citizens had expressed concern 
about an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases 
like HIV from the deployment of international peacekeepers.  He said 
that HIV could already be found in North Darfur, stating that there 
are currently 47 cases.  He claimed that the majority of those 
individuals were infected by soldiers from the south of Sudan, and 
said it was possible that the influx of soldiers from other African 
countries would cause that number to rise.  The Ministry of Health 
was working closely with UNAIDS to monitor the situation, the 
minister reported. 
 
¶8. (U) The head of UNAMID's Sector West Human Rights office said 
that she had seen an increase in the prevalence of female genital 
mutilation (FGM) being performed in Darfur, especially in the West. 
She attributed the increase to an influx of villagers into the 
cities.  Because Khartoum had the highest incidence of FGM, the 
practice had become associated with "moving to the big city," and 
was seen as a symbol of increased status, prosperity and culture. 
Although African tribes like the Fur and Meidob did not have the 
tradition of FGM, she claimed that even those women were undergoing 
the procedure in an effort to "fit in" in the city. 
 
¶9. (U) A Save the Children Sweden representative confirmed this 
trend, explaining that displacement caused by the ongoing conflict, 
as well as perceived economic opportunities, had led to population 
increases in and around Darfur's major cities.  In Khartoum, where 
he claimed that FGM was most prevalent in Sudan, women were 
stigmatized for not having had the procedure done.  Doctors and 
midwives perpetuated this notion, he explained, by telling 
uncircumcised women that they were "uncivilized" or "unclean."  In 
the camps for internally displaced persons, international NGOs 
usually ran the health centers and were able to dispel such myths. 
However, in the cities, it was more difficult to raise awareness. 
In addition, he claimed, some families had turned to FGM as a quick 
source of income, as guests at circumcision parties were expected to 
bring cash gifts for the child. 
 
----------------------- 
Social Life Suffering 
----------------------- 
 
¶10. (U) The Dean of Education claimed that increasing expectations 
and standards of living due to the influx of foreign cash had begun 
to slowly break down traditional social ties.   Although there were 
more social occasions - weddings, circumcision ceremonies, etc. - 
fewer people could afford to attend those given by non-relatives. 
Guests at all ceremonies are expected to bring gifts - often cash. 
According to the Dean, many people simply could not afford to give 
gifts now that there were so many ceremonies taking place.  He 
pointed at a pile of wedding invitations on his desk from former 
students and colleagues.  "I would love to attend these, but as a 
professor, they would expect me to give 50 pounds.  I am invited to 
at least 10 weddings this month; if I attended them all, it would 
cost more than my salary!" he exclaimed. 
 
KHARTOUM 00001084  003 OF 003 
 
 
 
-------- 
Comment 
-------- 
 
¶11. (U) The international presence in North Darfur has had both 
positive and negative impacts on local communities.  While some are 
clearly benefiting from the peacekeeper/contractor/NGO economy, it 
is also clear that life for the lower income citizens of El Fasher 
has become increasingly difficult.  The rich continue to get richer, 
especially those involved in real estate, and the poor struggle with 
ever rising prices.  The middle class is struggling to keep up with 
rising prices and rising standards of living (for the few who can 
afford it) on stagnating salaries.  Educational standards are 
declining, there are worrying trends in the health sector and social 
ties are breaking down.  The middle class is increasingly being 
squeezed, and the gap between the haves and have-nots is growing. 
All of these events are to be expected in a conflict economy where 
the UN is present, but they can also exacerbate violence and 
instability if left unchecked (especially against the UN, 
contractors, and NGOs who become targets of opportunity).  It is 
essential that the activities of international donors begin to 
account for and address inequalities that are aggravated by the 
large international presence in North Darfur.  The GoS should be 
encouraged to address this on both the national and state level 
(through the moribund Transitional Darfur Regional Authority and its 
commissions, if they can be revitalized) and the international 
community must begin to take these issues into account as they begin 
to develop long-term assistance plans. 
 
FERNANDEZ