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Viewing cable 08UNVIEVIENNA622, UNIDO: POTENTIAL PARTNER ON CLIMATE CHANGE, BUT REFORMS

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Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
08UNVIEVIENNA622 2008-11-25 13:36 2011-08-30 01:44 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNVIE
VZCZCXYZ0002
OO RUEHWEB

DE RUEHUNV #0622/01 3301336
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
O 251336Z NOV 08
FM USMISSION UNVIE VIENNA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 8730
INFO RUCNDT/USMISSION USUN NEW YORK IMMEDIATE 1404
RUEHXX/IO COLLECTIVE
RUEAEPA/EPA WASHDC
RHEBAAA/DOE WASHDC
RUCPDC/USDOC WASHDC
UNCLAS UNVIE VIENNA 000622 
 
SIPDIS 
 
SENSITIVE 
 
EPA FOR COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: ETRD EIND ENRG EAID UNIDO UNDP UNEP AORC KUNR KGHG
UN 
SUBJECT: UNIDO: POTENTIAL PARTNER ON CLIMATE CHANGE, BUT REFORMS 
INCOMPLETE 
 
REF: STATE 122077 
 
------- 
SUMMARY 
------- 
 
1.  (U) The UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has 
implemented a substantial reform over the last decade that has 
improved its efficiency and relevance, making it a potential partner 
for the U.S. on issues like climate change and energy as well as a 
useful exemplar for the reform of other multilateral organizations. 
Although the reform process is not yet complete, UNIDO's reforms 
have instilled a culture of accountability and innovation, 
eliminated duplication with other UN programs, overhauled its 
operations and personnel practices, and allowed it to take a leading 
role in coordinating UN services in the field, according to an 
independent assessment by the British government.  UNIDO's goal of 
promoting natural resource management and sustainable energy 
strategies for industry in developing countries makes it a 
potentially useful partner on U.S. climate change initiatives.  The 
organization still faces many challenges, however, including a weak 
field presence and incomplete decentralization that hinder delivery 
of services at the country level.  Some members see UNIDO as 
marginally effective and are wary of mandate creep as the 
organization gets involved in the response to the global food 
crisis.  We also worry that zeal for reform may ebb after the tenure 
of the current dynamic Director General, Kandeh Yumkellah.  End 
Summary. 
 
 
---------------- 
Bloat and Crisis 
---------------- 
 
2.  (U) UNIDO was created in 1966 and became a specialized agency in 
1985, acting as the central coordinating body for industrial 
activities within the UN system.  UNIDO's vague mandate and weak 
management structures led to a proliferation of projects, many of 
which overlapped those of other UN agencies and programs, like the 
UN Development Program, with impacts that were difficult to 
determine.  By the mid-1990s, perceived inefficiency and sprawling 
mandates led several major contributors to quit UNIDO.  Australia, 
Canada, and the U.S. withdrew between 1993 and 1997 -- and Germany 
and the U.K. threatened to leave -- criticizing UNIDO's lack of 
focus and unwillingness to promote private sector development. 
 
3.  (U) In the wake of a one-third reduction in staff, a 20 percent 
decline in its program budget, and member state concerns about its 
relevancy, UNIDO embarked on a "big bang" reform, drafting a 
business plan in 1997 to focus its work and streamline the 
organization.  The plan reflected the desire of member states to 
enable UNIDO to carry out high-priority activities within a 
tightened budget, and the organization reduced or discontinued 
hundreds of programs.  By 2001, UNIDO had reduced the number of 
stand-alone projects from more than 1,000 to 250. 
 
 
--------------------------- 
UNIDO Remakes Itself, 
But Reforms Are Incomplete 
--------------------------- 
 
4.  (U) Since 1997, UNIDO has refocused its programs on small and 
medium enterprises (SMEs), where it considers itself to have the 
greatest comparative advantage, embraced market-based solutions, and 
forged partnerships with other UN bodies and the private sector, 
increasing efficiency and responsiveness to the development needs of 
the poorest countries.  A second wave of reform begun in 2004 
refined UNIDO's programmatic focus by replacing more than a dozen 
work modules with three thematic priorities: poverty reduction, 
trade capacity-building, and environment and energy.  The UK 
Department for International Development (DFID) in an independent 
assessment in 2005 ranked UNIDO second out of 23 international 
organizations on developing effective partnerships. 
 
-- UNIDO created programs in 2007 to improve entrepreneurial, 
technical, and organizational skills of women and youth in rural 
areas, according to its annual report. 
-- The organization partnered with Microsoft in 2007 to provide 
low-cost computers to small businesses in sub-Saharan Africa, 
according to several technology-focused websites. 
 
-- UNIDO has become a leading agency in the eight "One UN" pilot 
 
 
programs designed to streamline delivery of UN services in the 
field.  One Western diplomat called UNIDO the only UN body that was 
genuinely following up on the "One UN" recommendations.  In 2007, 
for example, it led an interagency working group in the production 
of a trade-capacity building resource guide. 
 
5.  (U) UNIDO also has tackled an array of management reforms, 
improving efficiency and accountability.  It overhauled accounting, 
procurement, property management, training, recruitment, and support 
services practices, according to a DFID study in 2005 and UNIDO's 
2007 annual report.  UNIDO has met several management objectives of 
the UN Transparency and Accountability Initiative (UNTAI), such as 
creating an independent oversight function and increasing public 
access to program and budget information (see paragraph 20).  The 
introduction of frequent reporting and evaluation has increased 
accountability and made middle managers stakeholders in the reform 
process. 
 
-- The DFID assessment in 2005 ranked UNIDO fourth out of 23 
multilateral institutions on internal performance. 
 
-- A recruitment drive since 2005 has reduced the field vacancy rate 
from about 45 percent to 12 percent, according to UNIDO's 2007 
annual report. 
 
6.  (U) Some of our partners who are members of UNIDO caution that 
the reforms are incomplete, and the "new UNIDO" - centered around 
the DG and his management team - has not yet vanquished the "old 
UNIDO."  UNIDO has had difficulty decentralizing management to the 
field, mainly because of the reluctance of qualified staff to serve 
away from headquarters, according to UNIDO officials.  Many 
now-senior officials joined UNIDO before the introduction of the 
current field mobility policy, expecting to serve only in Vienna. 
DFID ranked UNIDO only 11th out of 23 multilateral institutions on 
its ability to achieve results in the field, in part because of the 
agency's overly centralized management structure. 
 
 
-------------------- 
UNIDO's Priorities, 
Budget and Staffing 
-------------------- 
 
7.  (U) A key element of UNIDO's reform was to identify its niche 
and avoid overlapping with other UN programs.  UNIDO is the only 
organization in the United Nations system mandated to promote 
economic growth and poverty reduction through manufacturing and has 
the largest portfolio of trade capacity building projects in the UN 
system.  UNIDO promotes market-based approaches to improve living 
standards in developing countries, prioritizing growth in small and 
medium enterprises (SMEs), which it regards the key generator of 
wealth in most developing countries.  UNIDO experts, for example, 
provide technical assistance on industrial standardization which 
helps SMEs compete in global markets. 
 
8.  (U) UNIDO is the lead agency in the implementation of major 
environmental agreements, such as the Montreal Protocol for the 
elimination of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and the Stockholm 
Convention for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants 
(POPs), which have key industrial components, and plays a leading 
role in the development of sustainable energy by improving 
industrial energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy. 
UNIDO's comparative advantage in these areas derives from its 
technical and policy expertise in helping countries implement 
alternative industrial production methods. 
 
9.  (U) For 2008-09, UNIDO has an annual budget of approximately 
Euro 190 million, including Euro 77 million for the regular budget, 
Euro 11 million for operational costs, and approximately Euro 102 
million in voluntary contributions.  UNIDO implemented technical 
assistance activities in the amount of $117 million in 2007. 
Montreal Protocol activities accounted for 24 percent, the 
Industrial Development Fund 17 percent, and the Global Environmental 
Facility 14 percent, with most of the remainder allocated to third 
party-financed trust funds.  Of the $92 million in 
regionally-allocated technical assistance, Africa received 37 
percent, Asia-Pacific states 31 percent, Latin American and 
Caribbean states 11 percent, and Europe-NIS 9 percent. 
 
10.  (U) UNIDO, as of December 2007, employs 651 regular staff 
members, including eight Americans who were hired before the U.S. 
withdrawal, and draws on the services of some 2,800 international 
and national experts, roughly half from developing countries, who 
work on projects throughout the world. 
 
 
------------------- 
USG Collaboration 
with UNIDO Projects 
------------------- 
 
11.  (U) The USG is involved with several UNIDO projects on a 
collaborative basis.  The Department of Energy is active in UNIDO's 
Cleaner Production programs, for example, and the Environmental 
Protection Agency participates in UNIDO's program to reduce mercury 
use in artisanal gold mining, through the UNEP Global Mercury 
Partnership.  USG activities are typically complementary to those of 
UNIDO, and the collaboration does not involve the transfer of funds 
between the USG and UNIDO. 
 
 
--------------------------- 
Major Donors Largely 
Favorable, But With Caveats 
--------------------------- 
 
12.  (U) Key donor countries in Vienna generally regard UNIDO as an 
effective and well-run organization, following its successful 
reforms and the dynamism of the new management team.  They are 
largely satisfied with the focus of UNIDO's programs and activities, 
but in discussions with several Vienna-based diplomats, some 
expressed concern about the need for more management reforms and the 
organization's drift into new areas beyond its mandate. 
 
13.  (U) Italy regards UNIDO very highly and is one of the top 
voluntary donors to the organization.  The Italians praised UNIDO's 
objective evaluation methods, its interagency coordination, 
innovative partnerships, and its work as an implementing agency of 
the Global Environment Facility (GEF).  UNIDO is one of the best UN 
agencies in collecting funds in the field, particularly from the 
European Commission, suggesting that it is working in the right 
direction, according to a Vienna-based Italian diplomat. 
 
14.  (U) France believes that UNIDO's strengths are its technical 
expertise, particularly in energy and standardization, and notes 
that it is well-regarded by developing countries.  Italy and 
Switzerland are deeply involved with UNIDO, as are Spain and Turkey. 
 Several other countries, including Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and 
Russia, are considering deepening their relationships with UNIDO, 
according to Vienna-based diplomats who cover the organization. 
 
15.  (U) Japan approves of UNIDO's work and is especially interested 
in developing youth employment, but as the biggest funder (paying 21 
percent of the regular budget) Tokyo's primary focus is trying to 
reduce the budget, according to Vienna-based diplomats. 
 
 
------------------------ 
Lingering Concerns over 
Mandate, Field Staff 
------------------------ 
 
16.  (U) Several member states, despite their overall favorable view 
of UNIDO's management, have criticized its perceived mandate creep 
and the poor quality of field staff, though these concerns were 
characterized as minor shortcomings rather than major faults.  The 
U.K., for example, has been unimpressed by the quality of UNIDO's 
field staff and noted that there was a recent case of corruption in 
one field office, although it considers this an isolated incident. 
London recently completed a reassessment of its commitments and 
UNIDO failed to make the list of high priority international 
organizations.  A senior British diplomat in Vienna was decidedly 
sour on the organization, calling it only marginally useful, and 
another diplomat added that the decision to be in UNIDO was a 
political one not based on the organization's effectiveness.  France 
noted to us that UNIDO lacks sufficient expertise in energy 
efficiency to take on proposed larger projects.  Many member states 
consider UNIDO's new emphasis on agro-industry and the global food 
crisis an unwarranted departure from its core mandate that 
duplicates the work of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization and 
the World Food Program. 
 
17.  (U) Canada and Australia, which left the organization at the 
same time as the United States, currently have no plans to reassess 
their relationship with UNIDO, suggesting that UNIDO still has work 
to do to win back its harshest critics.  We are working with our 
Canadian and Australian colleagues in Vienna to obtain more 
 
 
 
 
information about their lingering concerns and conditions for 
reengagement with UNIDO. 
 
 
--------------------------- 
Able But Limited Potential 
Partner on Climate Change 
--------------------------- 
 
18.  (U) UNIDO is the second largest agency implementing the 
Montreal Protocol and probably would be a receptive partner in 
pursing any post-Kyoto Protocol emission targets, based on 
discussions with UNIDO officials, but its focus on the least 
industrialized countries probably will limit its impact in the 
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 
 
-- UNIDO's Montreal Protocol program helps enterprises phase out 
ozone-depleting substances by facilitating implementation of new 
production technologies. 
 
-- UNIDO's work with the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development 
Mechanism (CDM), a market-based system that credits developed 
countries for stimulating sustainable growth and emissions 
reductions in developing countries, focuses mainly on Africa, rather 
than high-emissions countries such as China and India. 
 
-- The Cleaner Production program helps enterprises in 43 countries, 
mostly in Africa and Latin America, adopt new technologies to reduce 
waste and pollution and cut energy consumption. 
 
 
 --------------- 
An Exemplar for 
UN Reform? 
---------------- 
 
19.  (U) UNIDO's transformation offers lessons for reforming other 
multilateral organizations with large bureaucracies and complex 
mandates, such as the UN Development Program (UNDP), Food and 
Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Food Program (WFP). 
 
-- First among these lessons is that comprehensive reform is 
unlikely without a serious threat to base funding.  UNIDO switched 
from piecemeal to radical reform only after the withdrawal of 
several top donors, including the U.S. - action that threatened its 
very existence.  Many of the subsequent reforms were consciously 
tailored to woo the U.S. back, according to a UNIDO official. 
(Comment: UNVIE's posture towards UNIDO remains in a strictly 
"listening mode."  We have discouraged speculation about terms for 
U.S. return to the organization.  End Comment.) 
 
-- UNIDO's experience suggests that organizational transformation 
requires sustained effort and long-term commitment, making the 
vision and inspiration of the senior leadership critical to ensure 
the buy-in of the workforce.  Kandeh Yumkellah, UNIDO's Director 
General since 2005, has been a charismatic and dynamic leader, 
willing to take risks and eschew established institutional 
practices, according to several diplomats.  Yumkelleh is expected to 
serve a second term, which would keep him in office through 2013, 
but the workforce's fervor for additional reforms is likely to wane 
after his tenure. 
 
 
------------------ 
Path to Potential 
Reengagement 
------------------ 
 
20.  (SBU) Given the major strides UNIDO has made over the past 
decade, Mission recommends a closer and more active analysis of 
specific indicators that could lead to U.S. reengagement, up to and 
including rejoining the organization.  Steps include: 
 
-- A rigorous evaluation of the steps UNIDO has taken to modernize 
its governance structure.  This could follow many of the standards 
outlined in the UN Transparency and Accountability Initiative 
(UNTAI) that serve as indicators of good governance, such as 
financial disclosure statements and public access to relevant 
information.  UNIDO appears already to meet many UNTAI standards, 
but to date the organization has been left out of the assessment 
process (see reftel) because the U.S. is a non-member.  A closer 
look at these fundamentals will provide a better view of how UNIDO 
is performing as an institution and what further reforms are 
 
required. 
 
-- Senior-level meetings with UNIDO to hear upper management's take 
on UNIDO's progress and plans for continued improvement.  These 
meetings should be designed to evaluate the progress of UNIDO's 
reform efforts in the last decade, in particular the issue of 
overlapping mandates.  While such meetings would incite rumors of 
U.S. reengagement, they could also spur UNIDO to further advance and 
institutionalize its past reforms. 
 
-- Coordination with fellow non-members Australia and Canada to 
reach consensus on benchmarks for reengagement.  Reengagement could 
be discussed in a series of working-level meetings, perhaps in 
concert with other Member States, such as Germany, who were critical 
of the organization but choose not to withdraw.  Such discussions 
could be used as an incentive to promote further reforms. 
 
------- 
Comment 
------- 
 
21.  (SBU) Today's UNIDO is not the sprawling, inefficient 
organization the U.S. left a decade ago; it is leaner, more focused, 
and more effective, although its reform is still a work in progress. 
 We recommend exploring potential avenues of increased U.S. 
engagement with UNIDO, whose resident expertise and global 
deployment would act as force multipliers in the pursuit of U.S. 
objectives, such as entrepreneurial development and promotion of 
clean energy. 
 
22.  (SBU) A move to closer ties to UNIDO would increase U.S. 
influence over UN system-wide reform, because UNIDO is a key driver 
in efforts to streamline and integrate the delivery of UN programs 
in the field.  Given that the U.S. left UNIDO due to mismanagement 
and waste, additional engagement would send a strong signal that the 
U.S. will reward the reform and rehabilitation of inefficient 
multilateral organizations, especially if coupled with a 
disengagement or withdrawal from mismanaged organization(s).  A 
decision whether to rejoin UNIDO ultimately will be driven by issues 
that transcend our responsibilities in Vienna, however, and goes 
beyond the scope of this message.  Regardless of that debate, 
however, we will continue using our dialogue with UNIDO staff to 
advance our goal of reform in the UN system.  End Comment. 
 
SCHULTE