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Viewing cable 07KATHMANDU2038, NEPAL: UPDATE OF CHILD LABOR INFORMATION 2007

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Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
07KATHMANDU2038 2007-12-02 23:53 2011-08-30 01:44 UNCLASSIFIED Embassy Kathmandu
VZCZCXRO1514
OO RUEHCI
DE RUEHKT #2038/01 3362353
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
O 022353Z DEC 07
FM AMEMBASSY KATHMANDU
TO RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHINGTON DC IMMEDIATE
RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 7558
INFO RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING PRIORITY 6178
RUEHLM/AMEMBASSY COLOMBO PRIORITY 6498
RUEHKA/AMEMBASSY DHAKA PRIORITY 1753
RUEHIL/AMEMBASSY ISLAMABAD PRIORITY 4523
RUEHLO/AMEMBASSY LONDON PRIORITY 5767
RUEHNE/AMEMBASSY NEW DELHI PRIORITY 2035
RUEHCI/AMCONSUL KOLKATA PRIORITY 3895
RUCNDT/USMISSION USUN NEW YORK PRIORITY 3022
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 04 KATHMANDU 002038 
 
SIPDIS 
 
SIPDIS 
 
DOL/ILAB FOR TINA MCCARTER AND DRL/IL FOR TU DANG, AND INFO 
GENEVA 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: ELAB EIND ETRD PHUM SOCI USAID NP
SUBJECT: NEPAL: UPDATE OF CHILD LABOR INFORMATION 2007 
 
REF: STATE 158223 
 
Introduction 
------------ 
 
1. As requested by Reftel, Post is providing current 
information on child labor, especially its worst forms, as 
well as on efforts by the Government of Nepal (GON) to 
address the problem.  Emboff collected information from the 
Ministry of Labor and Transport (MOLT), the Ministry for 
Women, Children and Social Welfare (MWCSW), the National 
Planning Commission, International Labor Organization, UNICEF 
and several local NGOs working in Nepal to combat the worst 
forms of child labor. 
 
-------------------------------- 
Section A - Laws and Regulations 
-------------------------------- 
 
2. Nepal has a number of laws governing child labor 
including: the Labor Act (1990), the Children's Act (1992), 
the Forced Labor Act or "Kamaya" Labor Prohibition Act 
(2000), the Child Labor Regulation and Prohibition Act (2000) 
and the Human Trafficking Control Act (2007).  In addition to 
these laws both the Interim Constitution and the 
Comprehensive Peace Accord contain provisions prohibiting 
certain forms of child labor and calling for the protection 
of children.  While the legislation in Nepal governing child 
labor is extensive, many of the laws contain conflicting 
provisions and there is very little enforcement. 
3. The Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act of 2000 
(CLPA), which entered into force in November of 2004, is 
currently the most comprehensive law governing child labor. 
The CLPA governs the minimum age for employment and regulates 
the terms and conditions for working children.  A child is 
defined as a person who has not yet reached 16 years of age 
but sets 14 as the minimum age for employment.  Children 
between the ages of 14 and 16 can be employed for a maximum 
of 36 hours a week but the CLPA requires that the employer 
first obtain consent from the local labor office (or a person 
identified by the labor office) and a guardian, as well as 
acquire medical certification of the child's fitness to 
perform the work.  The work must not take place for more than 
six hours a day, thirty-six hours a week, or between the 
times of 6 P.M. to 6 A.M.  The employer must grant half an 
hour's rest after 3 hours of work.  The CLPA prohibits the 
employment of children (e.g. anyone under 16) in "any risky 
job or enterprise" and includes a schedule defining risky 
jobs.  The schedule is very broad and includes almost every 
possible form of employment from tourism to transport, 
manufacturing and mining.  The CLPA also prohibits the 
employment of children against their will. 
 
4. The Comprehensive Peace Accord signed in 2006 prohibits 
violence against women and children, the sexual exploitation 
and harassment of women and children and the conscription of 
children (under the age of 18) into the armed forces.  In 
2006 Nepal also ratified the Optional Protocol of the 
Children's Rights Convention (CRC) which proscribes the 
involvement of children in armed conflicts. Article 22 of the 
Interim Constitution, signed in January 2007, sets forth a 
list of child rights and prohibits the employment of children 
in hazardous work and their conscription into the armed 
forces.  Article 29 prohibits human trafficking, slavery, 
serfdom and forced labor in any form. 
 
5. In July 2007 the Government of Nepal (GON) enacted the 
Human Trafficking Control Act.  This law states that a child 
is a person who has not attained the age of 18 years.  It 
prohibits the sale and trafficking of children under 18 for 
labor or sexual exploitation.  In addition, different 
sectoral laws including the Country Code of 1963, the Begging 
Prohibition Act of 1992, the Public Offense and Punishment 
Act of 1970, the Local Self Governance Act of 1998, the Army 
Act and the Narcotics Drugs Control Act of 1959 all have 
provision that bar the use of children in illegal activities. 
 
6. In 2002 Nepal ratified Convention 182 and there are 
several documents which identify hazardous employment or the 
worst forms of child labor.  The CLPA contains a schedule 
entitled "Risky Jobs or Enterprises."  However, the 
 
KATHMANDU 00002038  002 OF 004 
 
 
overbroadness of this schedule makes is impractical and 
unenforceable.  Over 61 sectors are identified, including 
many areas that would not necessarily be defined as 
hazardous, such as tourism, golf and washing for example. 
 
7. The Ministry for Women, Children and Social Welfare has 
drafted a new law titled the "Child Protection Act."  This 
law is based on the human rights framework and closely 
follows the Convention of the Rights of the Child.  If passed 
the Act would correct many of the inconsistencies in existing 
legislation and authorize compulsory education and free 
health care. The MWCSW hopes that it will be submitted for 
consideration during the next parliamentary session. 
 
--------------------------------------------- -------- 
Section - Regulations, Implementation and Enforcement 
--------------------------------------------- -------- 
 
8. Government agencies that enforce child labor laws have a 
number of legal remedies available to them.  The CLPA 
contains provisions for criminal penalties and civil fines. 
However, these provisions have never been enforced and are 
largely inadequate to punish and deter violations.  The most 
stringent punishment provided is imprisonment for a term not 
exceeding one year.  In contrast, the new 2007 Human 
Trafficking Control Act provides for life imprisonment, but 
it is too early to tell if this law can and will be enforced. 
 In the absence of a strong government and functional 
security force, it is not surprising that enforcement of 
these laws is negligible.  In addition the Ministries lack 
the necessary resources to truly combat the problem. 
 
9. The GON has devoted very limited resources to 
investigating child labor violations.  The Ministry of Labor 
and Transportation employees only 10 labor inspectors for the 
entire country and these inspectors are responsible for all 
labor issues - not just child labor violations.  Women 
development officers in each district are tasked with 
monitoring violation of children's rights but have no 
authority for inspection or prosecution.  In general, child 
labor investigations are only undertaken when civil society 
demands them.  In some communities social pressure has 
compelled employers to offer their child domestic laborers 
the opportunity to attend school. 
 
10. In 2007 the MOLT provided five training programs for 
labor inspectors and their staff on issues related to labor 
relations and skill development.  While child labor issues 
were included none of the training programs were specifically 
focused on child labor. 
 
--------------------------- 
Section C - Social Programs 
--------------------------- 
 
11. The GON has supported a limited number of initiatives to 
prevent the worst forms of child labor.  In 2007 the MWCSW 
began a rehabilitation program for trafficking victims.  The 
program will provide shelter and services to one hundred 
girls in three communities in 2007/2008.  The "Child 
Development and Rehabilitation Fund" offers informal 
education and day care services to approximately 400 children 
of workers in the carpet manufacturing sector.  The GON also 
supports a number of shelters for homeless children.  In 2007 
the MOLT sponsored a radio and TV campaign to increase public 
awareness and this program will continue, at least, through 
July of 2008.  The GON is supporting children effected by the 
conflict through a special cash transfer program under which 
each child receives 1200 NRPs a month.  The GON supports a 
number of other programs that either directly or indirectly 
impact child labor, but relies heavily on the donor community 
for financial support. 
 
--------------------------------------------- ------------ 
Section D - Comprehensive Policy to Eliminate Worst Forms 
--------------------------------------------- ------------ 
 
12. The GON is addressing child labor in the context of a 
larger child protection framework.  Children are believed to 
be at risk because of inadequate health and education and 
endemic poverty.  The GON is attempting to address these 
 
KATHMANDU 00002038  003 OF 004 
 
 
issues in different sectors through the joint implementation 
of plans developed to address labor, education, health, and 
the protection of women and children.  In 2004 the GON 
adopted a comprehensive policy to eliminate the worst forms 
of child labor by 2009 and all forms of child labor by 2014. 
In 2005 a Labor and Employment Policy was developed with a 
separate section on child labor with the elimination of child 
labor as an objective.  The MWCSW also has a ten-year 
National Plan of Action for Children.  These policies are 
incorporated into the GON's National Plans. 
 
13. The National Planning Commission has prepared a new three 
year interim plan which will run from 2007/2008 through 
2010/2011.  The plan includes a commitment to implement the 
National Master Plan on Child Labor.  Child labor is seen as 
a cross-cutting issue that is best addressed by increasing 
social sector investment in health and education and poverty 
alleviation programs.  Funds allocated for the protection of 
children will be used to provide assistance to 
conflict-affected children and children from marginalized 
communities, as well as, additional spending on education and 
health services. 
 
14. Education is not compulsory and is free by law only up to 
grade five.  However, in practice, education even up to grade 
five is not free and there are a number of fees, including 
tuition, books, uniforms, etc.  The Interim Constitution 
states that education is free up to grade ten but the GON has 
not passed the necessary implementing legislation and in 
practice almost all schools charge fees.  The GON has 
committed to achieving universal primary education by the 
year 2015. The Government's "Education for All" (EFA) 
program, supported by the World Bank, is designed to ensure 
that all school-age children receive an education.  Under 
this program the GON has started several initiatives to 
increase school enrollment by providing free books, tuition 
free primary education, scholarships, cooking oil and mid-day 
meals. 
 
-------------------- 
Section E - Progress 
-------------------- 
 
15. The most recent studies that exist on age and gender of 
working children, disaggregated by industry/work 
activity/good were conducted in Nepal by the ILO in 2000 and 
2001.  According to these studies, the largest number of 
child laborers were found in domestic service (55,655) 
followed by child porters (46,029) and child bonded laborers 
(17,152). However, the situation has changed in the last six 
years and reports from NGO workers in this field indicate 
that this data is no longer accurate.  As described below the 
number of child laborers in the formal sector is decreasing 
while the number in the informal sector is increasing. 
 
16. Attitudes regarding domestic workers have changed and 
there is increasing social pressure to send children to 
school.  Child labor in the formal manufacturing and 
industrial sector is decreasing and there are fewer and fewer 
children in the factories.  However, child labor in the 
informal sector is growing.  Manufacturers are increasingly 
outsourcing labor to children in their homes in order to 
evade detection. Children in the villages are cleaning the 
wool, embroidering the garments and packing the goods, etc., 
outside of the reach of the few labor inspectors.  Many 
children displaced during the conflict ended up in urban 
centers and there has been a dramatic increase in children in 
the entertainment sector, including cabin restaurants, 
massage parlors and prostitution.  In addition, children are 
increasingly found in the transportation sector and 
mechanical workshops and children are still trafficked to 
India for agriculture, circus and sex work.  According to the 
MOLT over 12,000 girls alone are trafficked to India each 
year.  Although the GON officially abolished the Kamaya 
(bonded labor) system in 2000, a large number of Kamaya 
children remain enslaved and continue to work as bonded 
laborers. 
 
17. The Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M) recruited a 
large number of children into its ranks, particularly in 
November 2006.  Many of these children are currently living 
 
KATHMANDU 00002038  004 OF 004 
 
 
in one of the seven cantonment camps set up to accommodate 
the Maoist People's Liberation Army after the Comprehensive 
Peace Agreement was signed in November 2006.  The United 
Nations is the process of finishing its verification of the 
combatants and has found a large number of children under the 
age of 18 inside the camps.  Although the verification 
process has faced considerable problems, including lack of 
birth registrations, it is generally believed that there are 
several thousand children inside the camps. In addition, the 
office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in 
Nepal has reported that minors attempting to leave the 
cantonments have been forced to return by CPN-M cadres. OHCHR 
also reported that the CPN-M cadres have threatened human 
rights defenders and others working to reintegrate into 
society minors formerly associated with the CPN-M. 
BERRY