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Viewing cable 07BEIJING2949, MANDARIN DROWNING OUT UIGHUR LANGUAGE AMONG YOUTH

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Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
07BEIJING2949 2007-05-04 08:31 2011-08-30 01:44 CONFIDENTIAL Embassy Beijing
VZCZCXRO5339
OO RUEHCN RUEHGH RUEHVC
DE RUEHBJ #2949/01 1240831
ZNY CCCCC ZZH
O 040831Z MAY 07
FM AMEMBASSY BEIJING
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 7475
INFO RUEHOO/CHINA POSTS COLLECTIVE
RHEHNSC/NSC WASHDC
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 03 BEIJING 002949 
 
SIPDIS 
 
SIPDIS 
 
E.O. 12958: DECL: 05/04/2032 
TAGS: PGOV PHUM SOCI KCUL CH
SUBJECT: MANDARIN DROWNING OUT UIGHUR LANGUAGE AMONG YOUTH 
IN XINJIANG 
 
Classified By: Political Section Internal Unit Chief Susan A. Thornton. 
  Reasons 1.4 (b/d). 
 
Summary 
------- 
 
1.  (C) Young people, teachers and parents are 
optimistic about Xinjiang's economic future but 
are also concerned about the loss of Uighur cultural 
roots, Poloff learned during a recent trip to the 
region.  Official Xinjiang media and Government policy 
confirm that speaking Chinese is the key to 
advancement in most non-agricultural fields and the 
Government has instituted a policy making Mandarin the 
language of instruction for most courses, even in 
schools that are officially Uighur-language 
institutions.  The official emphasis on Mandarin 
coincides with continuing tight restrictions on 
unsanctioned religious activity and promotion of 
Uighur identity and political activism, which 
protracts general anti-Han resentment among young 
Uighurs.  Nonetheless, an increasing number of Uighur 
parents are actively taking steps to ensure that their 
children master Mandarin in an effort to assure their 
economic future.  End summary. 
 
Language and the Trials of Integration 
-------------------------------------- 
 
2.  (C) By law, parents in Xinjiang have a choice 
between sending their children to schools where 
instruction is in Mandarin or in Uighur.  Although the 
Government intends for the Uighur institutions to be 
seen as symbols of cultural tolerance, our reading 
from discussions with minorities in Xinjiang February 
3-10 is that the policy poses a stark dilemma for 
Uighur parents.  A Uighur child who attends Mandarin 
school may never learn to read or write the native 
script and thus runs the risk of being resented by 
other Uighurs for "selling out" and contributing to 
the loss of cultural identity.  On the other hand, the 
choice to attend a Uighur school could limit career 
opportunities after graduation, as Chinese language is 
a requisite for a large number of non-agricultural 
jobs, both blue and white collar, observers said. 
 
3.  (C) According to students and teachers in Yining 
and Kashgar, two cities in northern and southern 
Xinjiang respectively where Han Chinese are in the 
minority, more and more Uighur parents are enrolling 
their children in Mandarin schools.  Contacts 
estimated the portion of Uighur students in Mandarin 
schools has reached 30 and 40 percent in each city 
respectively.  (Note: A teacher in Kashgar, where 
roughly four-fifths of the population is Uighur, 
estimated that 55 to 60 percent of local primary and 
middle schools are Uighur.  End Note.)  A new 
"bilingual classes" policy gradually being implemented 
across the region aims to ensure that even Uighurs not 
attending Mandarin schools will speak Chinese. 
According to the official Xinjiang Daily, in 2007 the 
Government will invest RMB 210 million (USD 27.2 
million) in this initiative, which requires teachers 
in Uighur schools to speak Mandarin in all subjects 
but Uighur literature.  Some RMB 151 million (USD 19.5 
million) of the funding will come from the Central 
Government.  Statistics reported in the press indicate 
that 150,000 minority students in 5,000 schools, 
including kindergartens, are already enrolled in 
"bilingual classes."  The figure is slated to reach a 
total of 258,000 minority students by 2010. 
 
4.  (C) Tailaiti, a teacher at Kashgar No. 1 Middle 
School, said his daughter is a second grader at a 
Uighur school.  She is receiving all instruction 
(except for literature) in Mandarin Chinese as decreed 
under the "bilingual classes" policy.  Tailaiti had 
mixed feelings about this new development in Xinjiang 
education.  Asked if he felt Mandarin is an important 
skill for his daughter to have, he responded 
dismissively.  "If the government says so," he griped, 
the implication being that if she wants to get ahead 
economically, she has little choice in the matter. 
Two female students in "Bilingual Classes" at Kashgar 
No. 13 Middle School, a Uighur school where one-third 
of the homeroom sections receive bilingual education, 
said they enjoy learning Chinese in the special 
classes. 
 
Speak Mandarin or Get Sacked 
---------------------------- 
 
BEIJING 00002949  002 OF 003 
 
 
 
5.  (C) In fact, the need to master Mandarin to 
achieve career advancement has become an economic 
reality for Xinjiang's Uighur population, which is why 
these educational opportunities are increasingly 
appealing.  Xinjiang Government policy and leaders 
publicly acknowledge this phenomenon.  CPC Secretary 
Wang Lequan stated in a March 12 interview that the 
only way for ethnic minority peasants in southern 
Xinjiang to increase their income is to learn 
Mandarin.  Without this skill they cannot venture to 
the cities in search of non-agricultural jobs. 
According to official Xinjiang media, Kashgar District 
alone is investing RMB 30 million (USD 3.9 million) 
each year in an effort to train at least one member of 
each household in Mandarin language and various 
technical skills so that they may seek work in the 
cities.  The goal is to empower what the official 
media has referred to as a "rich labor force of over 1 
million peasants idling in Kashgar, Kizilsu and Hotan 
districts of southern Xinjiang." 
 
6.  (C) Despite speaking Uighur and English, 28-year- 
old Sabir has lost jobs as a tour guide and as a taxi 
driver because of unsatisfactory Mandarin.  Ali, 27, 
who works for a travel agency in Kashgar and also 
speaks English, is being pressured to learn more 
Mandarin by his Han Chinese boss.  Abdigini, a 24- 
year-old teacher in Yining, switched to a Han Chinese 
high school because of the example of an elder cousin 
who regretted her own limited opportunities after 
completing her secondary education in Uighur schools. 
For reasons such as these, more and more Uighur 
parents are sending their children to Mandarin schools 
or having them join bilingual classes, our contacts 
said. 
 
7.  (C) Speaking a foreign language can also help 
create career opportunities.  The municipal 
governments in Yining and Kashgar have allowed opening 
of Uighur-operated private language schools where 
Uighurs can study English and, in some places, 
Russian.  These training centers are thriving.  For 
example, in Kashgar the number of these schools has 
more than tripled in the past several years, according 
to one adult student.  Although some primary and 
middle school students also attend the schools to 
learn foreign languages, most clients are young adults 
who, having given up hope of careers where Mandarin is 
the lingua franca, are seeking to improve their 
prospects based on foreign language abilities.  This 
could give them an edge in seeking employment in 
private enterprises, particularly in trade and 
tourism. 
 
8.  (C) During informal discussions with Poloff at the 
Mengbulak English School in Yining, all of the roughly 
10 Uighur students in one group said they are 
optimistic about their future career opportunities. 
At Yining?s Western Nur Language School, enrollment 
for Russian classes surpasses even that for English, 
likely a result of the growing trade opportunities 
with Xinjiang?s close foreign neighbors, the former 
Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan 
and Russia.  Articles in the official Xinjiang media 
frequently tout increased trade and infrastructure 
development between Xinjiang and the neighboring 
Central Asian republics.  In fact, a USD 700 million 
pipeline began pumping oil from Kazakhstan into 
Xinjiang in 2005, and there has been regular official 
discussion of creating a "free trade zone" between 
western China and its neighbors. 
 
The "Seven Forbiddens" 
---------------------- 
 
9.  (C) The authorities' liberal approach to regional 
trade does not extend to tolerance for unsanctioned 
religious activity, promotion of Uighur identity or 
political activism.  In fact, official worries about 
Uighur separatism continue to color propaganda 
efforts.  For example, a large poster in front of 
Bazha Primary School in Yangdaman Village of rural 
southern Xinjiang -- a school that recently received a 
national award for education work in impoverished 
areas -- spelled out the "seven Forbiddens" for 
students and school employees to avoid, with 
corresponding illustrations for each "forbidden." 
According to the poster, students must not: 
 
-- refuse education or Marxism and atheism; 
 
BEIJING 00002949  003 OF 003 
 
 
-- believe in religion or participate in religious 
activities; 
-- wear clothing with religious adornment; 
-- spread illegal religious propaganda; 
-- do anything to the disadvantage of the solidarity 
of the ethnic groups; 
-- say anything to the disadvantage of the ethnic 
groups; or 
-- participate in ethnic separatist activities. 
 
In a similar vein, a notice board at Kashgar No. 1 
Primary School, which has 1,000 students (and which 
locals say was a madrassah before the Communists took 
over), calls for students to thoroughly study Marxism 
and atheism, "strengthen resistance against ethnic 
separatism and illegal religious activities and 
maintain social stability and a sense of 
responsibility for the unification of the motherland." 
Even in the more tolerant regional capital of Urumqi, 
Poloff heard reports of Muslim students being forced 
to eat during Ramadan, a traditional time of fasting 
and prayer. 
 
Ethnic Tension Among Students 
----------------------------- 
 
10.  (C) Such pressures have given rise to Han-Uighur 
tension among Xinjiang?s youth.  Two American teachers 
at Xinjiang Normal University in Urumqi said their 
classes have been divided by the school administration 
into Han sections and minority sections for fear of 
inter-ethnic disturbances.  One teacher described a 
multi-ethnic conversation exercise she held where a 
group Han and Uighur students divided down ethnic 
lines and refused to speak to one another.  At an 
informal meal attended by Poloff with several 
university students of Han, Hui and Uighur 
ethnicities, a Han student derided Rebiya Kadeer as a 
criminal and woman of low character.  Immediately 
following the dinner, a 19-year-old Uighur freshman 
who had been sitting next to the Han student confided 
her enthusiastic admiration for Kadeer and frustration 
that she could never voice such praise in public. 
 
Comment 
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11.  (SBU) By pushing linguistic and educational 
assimilation, the authorities appear to be betting 
that Uighurs' desire to have a stake in China's 
supercharged economy will outweigh any sentiments of 
Uighur nationalism they may harbor.  How this plays 
out remains to be seen, but it is clear from our 
discussion with regular citizens that there is a long 
way to go before Uighurs and Han enjoy equal access to 
the best job opportunities.  In the meantime, the 
resentments that have emerged with Xinjiang's 
demographic shifts and culturally repressive policies 
will continue to simmer. 
RANDT