Keep Us Strong WikiLeaks logo

Currently released so far... 251287 / 251,287

Articles

Browse latest releases

Browse by creation date

Browse by origin

A B C D F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Browse by tag

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
AEMR ASEC AMGT AE AS AMED AVIAN AU AF AORC AGENDA AO AR AM APER AFIN ATRN AJ ABUD ARABL AL AG AODE ALOW ADANA AADP AND APECO ACABQ ASEAN AA AFFAIRS AID AGR AY AGS AFSI AGOA AMB ARF ANET ASCH ACOA AFLU AFSN AMEX AFDB ABLD AESC AFGHANISTAN AINF AVIATION ARR ARSO ANDREW ASSEMBLY AIDS APRC ASSK ADCO ASIG AC AZ APEC AFINM ADB AP ACOTA ASEX ACKM ASUP ANTITERRORISM ADPM AINR ARABLEAGUE AGAO AORG AMTC AIN ACCOUNT ASECAFINGMGRIZOREPTU AIDAC AINT ARCH AMGTKSUP ALAMI AMCHAMS ALJAZEERA AVIANFLU AORD AOREC ALIREZA AOMS AMGMT ABDALLAH AORCAE AHMED ACCELERATED AUC ALZUGUREN ANGEL AORL ASECIR AMG AMBASSADOR AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL ADM ASES ABMC AER AMER ASE AMGTHA ARNOLDFREDERICK AOPC ACS AFL AEGR ASED AFPREL AGRI AMCHAM ARNOLD AN ANATO AME APERTH ASECSI AT ACDA ASEDC AIT AMERICA AMLB AMGE ACTION AGMT AFINIZ ASECVE ADRC ABER AGIT APCS AEMED ARABBL ARC ASO AIAG ACEC ASR ASECM ARG AEC ABT ADIP ADCP ANARCHISTS AORCUN AOWC ASJA AALC AX AROC ARM AGENCIES ALBE AK AZE AOPR AREP AMIA ASCE ALANAZI ABDULRAHMEN ABDULHADI AINFCY ARMS ASECEFINKCRMKPAOPTERKHLSAEMRNS AGRICULTURE AFPK AOCR ALEXANDER ATRD ATFN ABLG AORCD AFGHAN ARAS AORCYM AVERY ALVAREZ ACBAQ ALOWAR ANTOINE ABLDG ALAB AMERICAS AFAF ASECAFIN ASEK ASCC AMCT AMGTATK AMT APDC AEMRS ASECE AFSA ATRA ARTICLE ARENA AISG AEMRBC AFR AEIR ASECAF AFARI AMPR ASPA ASOC ANTONIO AORCL ASECARP APRM AUSTRALIAGROUP ASEG AFOR AEAID AMEDI ASECTH ASIC AFDIN AGUIRRE AUNR ASFC AOIC ANTXON ASA ASECCASC ALI AORCEUNPREFPRELSMIGBN ASECKHLS ASSSEMBLY ASECVZ AI ASECPGOV ASIR ASCEC ASAC ARAB AIEA ADMIRAL AUSGR AQ AMTG ARRMZY ANC APR AMAT AIHRC AFU ADEL AECL ACAO AMEMR ADEP AV AW AOR ALL ALOUNI AORCUNGA ALNEA ASC AORCO ARMITAGE AGENGA AGRIC AEM ACOAAMGT AGUILAR AFPHUM AMEDCASCKFLO AFZAL AAA ATPDEA ASECPHUM ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
ETRD ETTC EU ECON EFIN EAGR EAID ELAB EINV ENIV ENRG EPET EZ ELTN ELECTIONS ECPS ET ER EG EUN EIND ECONOMICS EMIN ECIN EINT EWWT EAIR EN ENGR ES EI ETMIN EL EPA EARG EFIS ECONOMY EC EK ELAM ECONOMIC EAR ESDP ECCP ELN EUM EUMEM ECA EAP ELEC ECOWAS EFTA EXIM ETTD EDRC ECOSOC ECPSN ENVIRONMENT ECO EMAIL ECTRD EREL EDU ENERG ENERGY ENVR ETRAD EAC EXTERNAL EFIC ECIP ERTD EUC ENRGMO EINZ ESTH ECCT EAGER ECPN ELNT ERD EGEN ETRN EIVN ETDR EXEC EIAD EIAR EVN EPRT ETTF ENGY EAIDCIN EXPORT ETRC ESA EIB EAPC EPIT ESOCI ETRB EINDQTRD ENRC EGOV ECLAC EUR ELF ETEL ENRGUA EVIN EARI ESCAP EID ERIN ELAN ENVT EDEV EWWY EXBS ECOM EV ELNTECON ECE ETRDGK EPETEIND ESCI ETRDAORC EAIDETRD ETTR EMS EAGRECONEINVPGOVBN EBRD EUREM ERGR EAGRBN EAUD EFI ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS EPEC ETRO ENRGY EGAR ESSO EGAD ENV ENER EAIDXMXAXBXFFR ELA EET EINVETRD EETC EIDN ERGY ETRDPGOV EING EMINCG EINVECON EURM EEC EICN EINO EPSC ELAP ELABPGOVBN EE ESPS ETRA ECONETRDBESPAR ERICKSON EEOC EVENTS EPIN EB ECUN EPWR ENG EX EH EAIDAR EAIS ELBA EPETUN ETRDEIQ EENV ECPC ETRP ECONENRG EUEAID EWT EEB EAIDNI ESENV EADM ECN ENRGKNNP ETAD ETR ECONETRDEAGRJA ETRG ETER EDUC EITC EBUD EAIF EBEXP EAIDS EITI EGOVSY EFQ ECOQKPKO ETRGY ESF EUE EAIC EPGOV ENFR EAGRE ENRD EINTECPS EAVI ETC ETCC EIAID EAIDAF EAGREAIDPGOVPRELBN EAOD ETRDA EURN EASS EINVA EAIDRW EON ECOR EPREL EGPHUM ELTM ECOS EINN ENNP EUPGOV EAGRTR ECONCS ETIO ETRDGR EAIDB EISNAR EIFN ESPINOSA EAIDASEC ELIN EWTR EMED ETFN ETT EADI EPTER ELDIN EINVEFIN ESS ENRGIZ EQRD ESOC ETRDECD ECINECONCS EAIT ECONEAIR ECONEFIN EUNJ ENRGKNNPMNUCPARMPRELNPTIAEAJMXL ELAD EFIM ETIC EFND EFN ETLN ENGRD EWRG ETA EIN EAIRECONRP EXIMOPIC ERA ENRGJM ECONEGE ENVI ECHEVARRIA EMINETRD EAD ECONIZ EENG ELBR EWWC ELTD EAIDMG ETRK EIPR EISNLN ETEX EPTED EFINECONCS EPCS EAG ETRDKIPR ED EAIO ETRDEC ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID ECONEINVEFINPGOVIZ ERNG EFINU EURFOR EWWI ELTNSNAR ETD EAIRASECCASCID EOXC ESTN EAIDAORC EAGRRP ETRDEMIN ELABPHUMSMIGKCRMBN ETRDEINVTINTCS EGHG EAIDPHUMPRELUG EAGRBTIOBEXPETRDBN EDA EPETPGOV ELAINE EUCOM EMW EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM ELB EINDETRD EMI ETRDECONWTOCS EINR ESTRADA EHUM EFNI ELABV ENR EMN EXO EWWTPRELPGOVMASSMARRBN EATO END EP EINVETC ECONEFINETRDPGOVEAGRPTERKTFNKCRMEAID ELTRN EIQ ETTW EAI ENGRG ETRED ENDURING ETTRD EAIDEGZ EOCN EINF EUPREL ENRL ECPO ENLT EEFIN EPPD ECOIN EUEAGR EISL EIDE ENRGSD EINVECONSENVCSJA EAIG ENTG EEPET EUNCH EPECO ETZ EPAT EPTE EAIRGM ETRDPREL EUNGRSISAFPKSYLESO ETTN EINVKSCA ESLCO EBMGT ENRGTRGYETRDBEXPBTIOSZ EFLU ELND EFINOECD EAIDHO EDUARDO ENEG ECONEINVETRDEFINELABETRDKTDBPGOVOPIC EFINTS ECONQH ENRGPREL EUNPHUM EINDIR EPE EMINECINECONSENVTBIONS EFINM ECRM EQ EWWTSP ECONPGOVBN
KFLO KPKO KDEM KFLU KTEX KMDR KPAO KCRM KIDE KN KNNP KG KMCA KZ KJUS KWBG KU KDMR KAWC KCOR KPAL KOMC KTDB KTIA KISL KHIV KHUM KTER KCFE KTFN KS KIRF KTIP KIRC KSCA KICA KIPR KPWR KWMN KE KGIC KGIT KSTC KACT KSEP KFRD KUNR KHLS KCRS KRVC KUWAIT KVPR KSRE KMPI KMRS KNRV KNEI KCIP KSEO KITA KDRG KV KSUM KCUL KPET KBCT KO KSEC KOLY KNAR KGHG KSAF KWNM KNUC KMNP KVIR KPOL KOCI KPIR KLIG KSAC KSTH KNPT KINL KPRP KRIM KICC KIFR KPRV KAWK KFIN KT KVRC KR KHDP KGOV KPOW KTBT KPMI KPOA KRIF KEDEM KFSC KY KGCC KATRINA KWAC KSPR KTBD KBIO KSCI KRCM KNNB KBNC KIMT KCSY KINR KRAD KMFO KCORR KW KDEMSOCI KNEP KFPC KEMPI KBTR KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KNPP KTTB KTFIN KBTS KCOM KFTN KMOC KOR KDP KPOP KGHA KSLG KMCR KJUST KUM KMSG KHPD KREC KIPRTRD KPREL KEN KCSA KCRIM KGLB KAKA KWWT KUNP KCRN KISLPINR KLFU KUNC KEDU KCMA KREF KPAS KRKO KNNC KLHS KWAK KOC KAPO KTDD KOGL KLAP KECF KCRCM KNDP KSEAO KCIS KISM KREL KISR KISC KKPO KWCR KPFO KUS KX KWCI KRFD KWPG KTRD KH KLSO KEVIN KEANE KACW KWRF KNAO KETTC KTAO KWIR KVCORR KDEMGT KPLS KICT KWGB KIDS KSCS KIRP KSTCPL KDEN KLAB KFLOA KIND KMIG KPPAO KPRO KLEG KGKG KCUM KTTP KWPA KIIP KPEO KICR KNNA KMGT KCROM KMCC KLPM KNNPGM KSIA KSI KWWW KOMS KESS KMCAJO KWN KTDM KDCM KCM KVPRKHLS KENV KCCP KGCN KCEM KEMR KWMNKDEM KNNPPARM KDRM KWIM KJRE KAID KWMM KPAONZ KUAE KTFR KIF KNAP KPSC KSOCI KCWI KAUST KPIN KCHG KLBO KIRCOEXC KI KIRCHOFF KSTT KNPR KDRL KCFC KLTN KPAOKMDRKE KPALAOIS KESO KKOR KSMT KFTFN KTFM KDEMK KPKP KOCM KNN KISLSCUL KFRDSOCIRO KINT KRG KWMNSMIG KSTCC KPAOY KFOR KWPR KSEPCVIS KGIV KSEI KIL KWMNPHUMPRELKPAOZW KQ KEMS KHSL KTNF KPDD KANSOU KKIV KFCE KTTC KGH KNNNP KK KSCT KWNN KAWX KOMCSG KEIM KTSD KFIU KDTB KFGM KACP KWWMN KWAWC KSPA KGICKS KNUP KNNO KISLAO KTPN KSTS KPRM KPALPREL KPO KTLA KCRP KNMP KAWCK KCERS KDUM KEDM KTIALG KWUN KPTS KPEM KMEPI KAWL KHMN KCRO KCMR KPTD KCROR KMPT KTRF KSKN KMAC KUK KIRL KEM KSOC KBTC KOM KINP KDEMAF KTNBT KISK KRM KWBW KBWG KNNPMNUC KNOP KSUP KCOG KNET KWBC KESP KMRD KEBG KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG KPWG KOMCCO KRGY KNNF KPROG KJAN KFRED KPOKO KM KWMNCS KMPF KJWC KJU KSMIG KALR KRAL KDGOV KPA KCRMJA KCRI KAYLA KPGOV KRD KNNPCH KFEM KPRD KFAM KALM KIPRETRDKCRM KMPP KADM KRFR KMWN KWRG KTIAPARM KTIAEUN KRDP KLIP KDDEM KTIAIC KWKN KPAD KDM KRCS KWBGSY KEAI KIVP KPAOPREL KUNH KTSC KIPT KNP KJUSTH KGOR KEPREL KHSA KGHGHIV KNNR KOMH KRCIM KWPB KWIC KINF KPER KILS KA KNRG KCSI KFRP KLFLO KFE KNPPIS KQM KQRDQ KERG KPAOPHUM KSUMPHUM KVBL KARIM KOSOVO KNSD KUIR KWHG KWBGXF KWMNU KPBT KKNP KERF KCRT KVIS KWRC KVIP KTFS KMARR KDGR KPAI KDE KTCRE KMPIO KUNRAORC KHOURY KAWS KPAK KOEM KCGC KID KVRP KCPS KIVR KBDS KWOMN KIIC KTFNJA KARZAI KMVP KHJUS KPKOUNSC KMAR KIBL KUNA KSA KIS KJUSAF KDEV KPMO KHIB KIRD KOUYATE KIPRZ KBEM KPAM KDET KPPD KOSCE KJUSKUNR KICCPUR KRMS KWMNPREL KWMJN KREISLER KWM KDHS KRV KPOV KWMNCI KMPL KFLD KWWN KCVM KIMMITT KCASC KOMO KNATO KDDG KHGH KRF KSCAECON KWMEN KRIC
PREL PINR PGOV PHUM PTER PE PREF PARM PBTS PINS PHSA PK PL PM PNAT PHAS PO PROP PGOVE PA PU POLITICAL PPTER POL PALESTINIAN PHUN PIN PAMQ PPA PSEC POLM PBIO PSOE PDEM PAK PF PKAO PGOVPRELMARRMOPS PMIL PV POLITICS PRELS POLICY PRELHA PIRN PINT PGOG PERSONS PRC PEACE PROCESS PRELPGOV PROV PFOV PKK PRE PT PIRF PSI PRL PRELAF PROG PARMP PERL PUNE PREFA PP PGOB PUM PROTECTION PARTIES PRIL PEL PAGE PS PGO PCUL PLUM PIF PGOVENRGCVISMASSEAIDOPRCEWWTBN PMUC PCOR PAS PB PKO PY PKST PTR PRM POUS PRELIZ PGIC PHUMS PAL PNUC PLO PMOPS PHM PGOVBL PBK PELOSI PTE PGOVAU PNR PINSO PRO PLAB PREM PNIR PSOCI PBS PD PHUML PERURENA PKPA PVOV PMAR PHUMCF PUHM PHUH PRELPGOVETTCIRAE PRT PROPERTY PEPFAR PREI POLUN PAR PINSF PREFL PH PREC PPD PING PQL PINSCE PGV PREO PRELUN POV PGOVPHUM PINRES PRES PGOC PINO POTUS PTERE PRELKPAO PRGOV PETR PGOVEAGRKMCAKNARBN PPKO PARLIAMENT PEPR PMIG PTBS PACE PETER PMDL PVIP PKPO POLMIL PTEL PJUS PHUMNI PRELKPAOIZ PGOVPREL POGV PEREZ POWELL PMASS PDOV PARN PG PPOL PGIV PAIGH PBOV PETROL PGPV PGOVL POSTS PSO PRELEU PRELECON PHUMPINS PGOVKCMABN PQM PRELSP PRGO PATTY PRELPGOVEAIDECONEINVBEXPSCULOIIPBTIO PGVO PROTESTS PRELPLS PKFK PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ PARAGRAPH PRELGOV POG PTRD PTERM PBTSAG PHUMKPAL PRELPK PTERPGOV PAO PRIVATIZATION PSCE PPAO PGOVPRELPHUMPREFSMIGELABEAIDKCRMKWMN PARALYMPIC PRUM PKPRP PETERS PAHO PARMS PGREL PINV POINS PHUMPREL POREL PRELNL PHUMPGOV PGOVQL PLAN PRELL PARP PROVE PSOC PDD PRELNP PRELBR PKMN PGKV PUAS PRELTBIOBA PBTSEWWT PTERIS PGOVU PRELGG PHUMPRELPGOV PFOR PEPGOV PRELUNSC PRAM PICES PTERIZ PREK PRELEAGR PRELEUN PHUME PHU PHUMKCRS PRESL PRTER PGOF PARK PGOVSOCI PTERPREL PGOVEAID PGOVPHUMKPAO PINSKISL PREZ PGOVAF PARMEUN PECON PINL POGOV PGOVLO PIERRE PRELPHUM PGOVPZ PGOVKCRM PBST PKPAO PHUMHUPPS PGOVPOL PASS PPGOV PROGV PAGR PHALANAGE PARTY PRELID PGOVID PHUMR PHSAQ PINRAMGT PSA PRELM PRELMU PIA PINRPE PBTSRU PARMIR PEDRO PNUK PVPR PINOCHET PAARM PRFE PRELEIN PINF PCI PSEPC PGOVSU PRLE PDIP PHEM PRELB PORG PGGOC POLG POPDC PGOVPM PWMN PDRG PHUMK PINB PRELAL PRER PFIN PNRG PRED POLI PHUMBO PHYTRP PROLIFERATION PHARM PUOS PRHUM PUNR PENA PGOVREL PETRAEUS PGOVKDEM PGOVENRG PHUS PRESIDENT PTERKU PRELKSUMXABN PGOVSI PHUMQHA PKISL PIR PGOVZI PHUMIZNL PKNP PRELEVU PMIN PHIM PHUMBA PUBLIC PHAM PRELKPKO PMR PARTM PPREL PN PROL PDA PGOVECON PKBL PKEAID PERM PRELEZ PRELC PER PHJM PGOVPRELPINRBN PRFL PLN PWBG PNG PHUMA PGOR PHUMPTER POLINT PPEF PKPAL PNNL PMARR PAC PTIA PKDEM PAUL PREG PTERR PTERPRELPARMPGOVPBTSETTCEAIRELTNTC PRELJA POLS PI PNS PAREL PENV PTEROREP PGOVM PINER PBGT PHSAUNSC PTERDJ PRELEAID PARMIN PKIR PLEC PCRM PNET PARR PRELETRD PRELBN PINRTH PREJ PEACEKEEPINGFORCES PEMEX PRELZ PFLP PBPTS PTGOV PREVAL PRELSW PAUM PRF PHUMKDEM PATRICK PGOVKMCAPHUMBN PRELA PNUM PGGV PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA PBT PIND PTEP PTERKS PGOVJM PGOT PRELMARR PGOVCU PREV PREFF PRWL PET PROB PRELPHUMP PHUMAF PVTS PRELAFDB PSNR PGOVECONPRELBU PGOVZL PREP PHUMPRELBN PHSAPREL PARCA PGREV PGOVDO PGON PCON PODC PRELOV PHSAK PSHA PGOVGM PRELP POSCE PGOVPTER PHUMRU PINRHU PARMR PGOVTI PPEL PMAT PAN PANAM PGOVBO PRELHRC

Browse by classification

Community resources

courage is contagious

Viewing cable 05SAOPAULO875, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DEBATE CONTINUES IN BRAZIL

If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs

Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
  • The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
  • The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
  • The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
To understand the justification used for the classification of each cable, please use this WikiSource article as reference.

Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #05SAOPAULO875.
Reference ID Created Released Classification Origin
05SAOPAULO875 2005-07-22 14:25 2011-08-30 01:44 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Consulate Sao Paulo
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 SAO PAULO 000875 
 
SIPDIS 
 
NSC FOR SUE CRONIN 
 
DEPT ALSO FOR WHA/PD 
 
SENSITIVE 
 
E.O. 12958: N/A 
TAGS: PGOV KCRM ECON PHUM BTIO EINV SOCI BR TIP
SUBJECT:  AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DEBATE CONTINUES IN BRAZIL 
 
REF: A) 04 Sao Paulo 843 
 
     B) 04 Sao Paulo 789 
     C) 03 Rio 823 
 
1.  (U) Summary:  On June 10-11, government officials, non- 
profit organizations, educators, interested citizens, and 
representatives from 20 public Brazilian universities met in 
Sao Paulo for a two-day nation-wide conference to discuss 
nascent affirmative action programs in higher education. 
Many programs in Brazil include specific quotas for students 
graduating from public high schools, who typically are 
dramatically underrepresented in elite Brazilian public 
universities.  Debate on viable ways of creating equity in 
the education system continues in Brazil.  Although many 
attendees were optimistic about the academic success of 
students admitted under quota programs, some activist groups 
are not pleased about delays in implementation of government 
mandated affirmative action requirements currently under 
debate.  The Conference themes went beyond university policy 
and included cultural performances, health awareness and 
community building. End Summary 
 
FOCUS ON QUOTA PROGRAMS 
----------------------- 
 
2.  (U) The Office for Coordination of Black Affairs of the 
City of Sao Paulo (CONE) organized the two-day conference 
held in one of Sao Paulo's major convention centers.  The 
conference received not only the support of the GOB and the 
State of Sao Paulo, but also support of the United Nations 
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 
private companies and educational institutions.  University 
representatives from distant states were flown in for the 
event to present information on affirmative action programs 
in place at their institutions.  Universities from the five 
states in Sao Paulo's consular district were represented: 
the Federal University of Sao Paulo's School of Medicine, 
the State University of Campinas (State of Sao Paulo), the 
State University of Santa Catarina, the Federal University 
of Parana, the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, and 
the State University of Rio Grande do Sul.  Many affirmative 
action programs in Brazil specifically target graduates of 
the public school system, regardless of racial or ethnic 
background.  Public school students of all races are 
underrepresented in the elite public universities.  In a 
recent meeting with Poloff, Mario Luiz Cortes, head of CONE, 
stated that the location of Sao Paulo for this nationwide 
conference had symbolic value.  He said that the University 
of Sao Paulo (USP), a very large and prestigious public 
university located in the city, has resisted the 
implementation of affirmative action measures, and CONE 
wished to bring administrators from universities from all 
over Brazil to the city in this well-publicized and 
sponsored event. 
 
AN UNEQUAL SYSTEM 
----------------- 
 
3.  (U) Significantly, all the universities involved in the 
Conference were public universities, traditionally the 
"elites" of higher education in Brazil. The private and 
public education systems have historically been very 
unequal. Public elementary/secondary schools suffer from a 
lack of resources, high classroom enrollment and low teacher 
salaries.  Few middle or upper-middle class families choose 
to send their children to public elementary and secondary 
schools if they can afford private school tuition. In 
contrast, public universities are well funded, have very 
competitive entrance exams, offer excellent programs, and 
award prestigious degrees to their graduates.  Furthermore, 
tuition at public universities is free or extremely low 
cost.  For example, the Federal University of Minas Gerais 
(UFMG) charges approximately 150 Reals (USD 61) per semester 
for tuition and fees.  Dormitory housing at UFMG costs about 
USD 105 per month.  Graduates of public high schools in 
Brazil are frequently unprepared to pass the difficult 
entrance exams to these elite public universities.  These 
students must pay high private university tuition or not 
attend college at all.  The Education Ministry estimates 
that 16 percent of all university students are Afro- 
Brazilian.  AfroBras, the Afro-Brazilian advocacy NGO, 
estimates only 3 to 7 percent of students in public 
universities are Afro-Brazilian. 
 
POSITIVE VIEW FROM SOME UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATORS 
--------------------------------------------- ---- 
 
4.  (U) Some university affirmative action administrators 
are optimistic about the ultimate academic success of 
students who entered under quota systems.  The coordinator 
of affirmative action at the Federal University of Sao Paulo 
(UNIFESP), Marcos Ferraz, remarked that despite differences 
in family income, computer ownership, and internet access in 
the home, the academic performance of quota students is 
"similar" to that of non-quota students at UNIFESP and he is 
confident about the success of quota-based students as they 
pass through the university course.  In the School of 
Medicine, the difference in the grades of the best quota 
based student and the best student who entered under the 
traditional system was ten points (on a scale of 100). 
(Note:  Absolute scores are unavailable.  End Note.)  Ferraz 
acknowledged that quota-based students needed assistance 
from the university -- generally in the form of computer 
access and scholarships, but he is ultimately confident of 
their success in the normal course of studies.  The average 
monthly family income for students who enter UNIFESP as 
beneficiaries of the quota system is approximately USD 720, 
as compared to an average family monthly income of USD 1,600 
for students who enter under the regular admissions process. 
Computer ownership and Internet access rates are also 
dissimilar.  62 percent of quota beneficiaries own a 
computer and 48 percent have internet access in their homes, 
while 93 percent of non-quota students own computers and 88 
percent have home internet access. 
 
5.  (U) The Federal University of Parana (UFPR) has had 
affirmative action programs in place since 2002.  Under 
UFPR's program, 20 percent of entrance slots are reserved 
for Afro-Brazilians and persons of mixed ancestry, and 20 
percent are reserved for public high school graduates, 
regardless of race or ethnicity.  The University Rector from 
UFPR stated that his university supports the separate 
category for Afro-Brazilian and persons of mixed ancestry 
because those students, regardless of whether they graduate 
from public schools or prestigious private ones, experience 
discrimination and racism in Brazilian society. 
 
DELAYS IN IMPLEMENTATION UPSET HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS 
--------------------------------------------- ----- 
 
6.  (U) Brazilian non-profit organizations such as Educafro 
(Education and Citizenship for Afro-Brazilians and the 
Needy) and the MSU (Movement of those Without Access to 
Universities) are pressing for immediate implementation of 
quota-systems in all public universities.  In June, however, 
GOB Education Minister Tarso Genro addressed an audience of 
non-profit organizations in Sao Paulo and outlined a 
proposal that would delay immediate implementation of quotas 
for federal universities.  The proposal would give federal 
universities until 2015 to implement programs requiring that 
fifty percent of entering students be graduates of public 
secondary schools, and would allow each institution to reach 
the goal in a variety of ways, not necessarily through a 
quota system.  The GOB's earlier proposal requiring 
immediate implementation of a quota-based system reportedly 
encountered stiff opposition from many federal university 
administrators, many of whom believed the plan was not 
feasible.  The affirmative action debate in Brazil has 
included concerns that students from public schools will not 
be able to compete in the rigorous public university system, 
and that lower academic standards will result. (See Reftel 
A.)  Many university administrators feel that institutions 
should be able to reach equity goals through a variety of 
methods, such as programs that provide entrance exam 
preparation, academic assistance, and scholarships to public 
school students, rather than through mandated quota systems. 
Human rights and Afro-Brazilian advocacy groups remain 
adamant that they will not wait ten years for full 
implementation of affirmative action programs.  According to 
press reports, David Santos, executive director of Educafro, 
stated that "clearly" the Ministry is "giving in to 
pressures."  The coordinator of MSU stated that, despite the 
Education Ministry announcement delaying proposed 
implementation of affirmative action programs in Federal 
universities, "We will continue to fight."  A public forum 
to debate university affirmative action programs, organized 
by the Educational and Cultural Commission of Congress, 
originally planned for April, was postponed; it now appears 
a scaled-back version of the forum, now billed as a seminar, 
may take place in August in Brasilia. 
 
MORE THAN JUST QUOTAS 
--------------------- 
 
7.  (U) The scope of the Sao Paulo event went beyond the 
presentation of statistical data on affirmative action 
programs throughout Brazil.  Speakers also addressed Afro- 
Brazilian consciousness; health issues, particularly 
HIV/AIDs; and Afro-Brazilian self-support programs.  The 
largely Afro-Brazilian audience included a large number of 
young adults (senior high school and university students), 
some of whom apparently attended to fulfill course 
requirements, as well as public school educators and 
interested community members. 
 
8.  (SBU) Comment:  While conferences on affirmative action, 
such as the Sao Paulo city government sponsored conference 
in June, shine a useful spotlight on racial and socio- 
economic inequalities in Brazil, it is not clear how 
effective they will be in promoting substantive progress. 
The conference received little press coverage, and from our 
observation, appeared to reach a limited audience beyond 
those who were already committed to the implementation of 
affirmative action programs.  Despite the optimism of some 
public university administrators present at the conference 
about the initial success of their programs, educational 
affirmative action programs currently appear to be reaching 
only a small slice of the socio-economically disadvantaged 
population.  Almost all affirmative action advocacy efforts 
have been focused on the implementation of controversial 
quotas for racially disadvantaged groups and public school 
students, with little focus on expanding opportunities for 
quality public school education at the primary and secondary 
level.  End Comment. 
 
WOLFE